托福阅读常用技巧讲义全.docx

1、托福阅读常用技巧讲义全一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?Gene

2、ral statement ideas Some details (3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. 结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). 细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下: Intro

3、: background(细节) & topic(结构) Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节) Conclusion: topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1) 快速笔记的意义: 辅助思维框架形成 索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容 结构主体的核心词 时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字 人名地名专有名词:使用首字母标记 举例主体 新概念和核心概念 重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性-阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点: 笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络 根据笔记可

4、以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系: (1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读-句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语 前置定语: adj+n 后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for you prep phrase介词短语: a pen on the desk v-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developed for the project 不定式: a way to solve the problem注: 分

5、词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰 不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem 定语从句: 关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句) 关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句 介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理-删除 A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句) A

6、, or B A that + 句子( 完整句) A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式-隔离 Adv 副词 Prep phrase 介词短语 分词短语 不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构 并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构功能性质均相同的成分-必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句 S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)-宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子-表语从句 It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子 完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句) 定语从句(非

7、完整句) S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法-层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配 关联词 (完整句) (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件: 句子终结 连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists t

8、hought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world si

9、nce the time of the Industrial Revolution).例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the ea

10、rly twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the

11、 DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertake

12、n also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7

13、: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790s), North Am

14、erican enterpreneurs-even without the technological improvement-had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process)例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who wer

15、e locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Ha

16、miltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonistsprivileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分

17、倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法 构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词 完全倒装的判断流程例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petal

18、s(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise

19、 larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the countrys impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that us

20、e the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium h

21、as certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first p

22、opular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bording the Hudson River).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden A

23、frican figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as slient, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though

24、 + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the

25、Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had i

26、t not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法 构成：It + be + 强调成分that/ who+ 其他成分 注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整正确的就是强调句强调句不强调形容词和代词例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vi

27、tamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declarato

28、n, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competi

29、tion in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读-快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容 结构主体的内容 非举例性质的概括描述 题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的

30、内容 大量的数据堆砌 明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置 对比类比读一半 让步转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建-模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习-指读声读回读视角高度过低二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑 加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合-焦点训练法 可以合并为意群的成分: 副词 介词短语 分词短语 非谓语的不定式 主语和谓语或谓语和宾语 固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such a

31、s shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site