新概念4新东方课堂笔记5.docx

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新概念4新东方课堂笔记5

Lesson55PatternsofCulture

 

文化的模式

文化的模式

Customhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofany

greatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeel

tobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustomhavea

wayofthinking,isbehaviouratitsmostcommonplace.Asa

matteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.

Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehaviouroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-off-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehaviour.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhim,andnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemitismoreincumbentuponustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarieties,themaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible.

Thestudyofcustomcanbeprofitableonlyaftercertainpreliminarypropositionshavebeenaccepted,andsomeofthesepropositionshavebeenviolentlyopposed.Inthefirstplaceanyscientificstudyrequiresthattherebenopreferentialweightingofoneoranotheroftheitemsintheseriesitselectsforitsconsideration.Inallthelesscontroversialfieldslikethestudyofcactiortermitesorthenatureofnebulae,thenecessarymethodofstudyistogrouptherelevantmaterial特别说明:

本文档根据新东方新概念第四册(第二版)网络课堂Flash制作(转发请保持文档的完整性)

只可用于学习交流,不得用于商业目的!

-139–文字录入:

dale76整理发布:

kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55andtotakenoteofallpossiblevariantformsandconditions.Inthiswaywehavelearnedallthatweknowofthelawsofastronomy,orofthehabitsofthesocialinsects,letussay.Itisonlyinthestudyofmanhimselfthatthemajorsocialscienceshavesubstitutedthestudyofonelocalvariation,thatofWesterncivilization.

Anthropologywasbydefinitionimpossibleaslongasthesedistinctionsbetweenourselvesandtheprimitive,ourselvesandthebarbarian,ourselvesandthepagan,heldswayoverpeople'sminds.Itwasnecessaryfirsttoarriveatthatdegree,ofsophisticationwherewenolongersetourownbeliefoveragainstourneighbour'ssuperstition.Itwasnecessarytorecognizethattheseinstitutionswhicharebasedonthesamepremises,letussaythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,ourownamongtherest.

Newwordsandexpressions生词短语

awayofthinking一种想法

commonplacea.平凡的口头语common

theotherwayaround相反

aberranta.脱离常轨的,异常的;(医)变异,失常

ab-表示“偏离,脱离或离开”=irregular

normal正常——abnormal不正常;use用——abuse滥用;

(近)eccentric怪异的;straying偏离的:

astraydog野狗;goastray步入歧途

triviala.微不足道的,琐碎的triviality细节,琐事(见lesson12)

fristrate第一流A-one第一等的,第一流的;topflight最棒的;secondtonone首屈一指;secondto次于

predominanta.占优势的,起支配作用的predominacen.dominate统治地位

pre-前面的=superior,preponderate

paramount绝对重要;principal主要的;校长

manifestvt.清楚地表现illustratevi.举例说明;图解;加插图于;阐明vi.举例portray绘画

pristinea.原始的(太古年代)(lesson27)

(近)primitive原始的(一般);ancient古代的;prehistoric史前的

stereotypen.陈规(lesson5)breakthrough打破

overagainst和……相比=becomparedwith

-140–文字录入:

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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55vernacularn.方言(和外语相比较)母语,mothertongue的变体

(近)dialect方言(在一国内)

accent口音varyfrompersontoperson因人而异

accommodationn.适应v.accommodate容纳Heaccommodateshimselftosth.

accommodationto对……适应=adaptto,adjustmentto

区别adoption采取,收养

incumbenta.义不容辞的,有责任的结构:

Itisincumbentonsb.todo…

responsible有责任的responsiblefor为……负责

propositionn.主张来源:

propose向……提议

Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人,成事在天。

(近)tender投标,建议

unintelligiblea.难理解的intelligible可理解的

区别:

intellectual知识分子;intelligent聪明的

read—readable—unreadable;

comprehension—comprehensible—incomprehensible;

discern—discernable—undiscernable

preferentiala.优先的来源:

prefer

favorable有利的

Iprefergreenteatoblacktea./Iprefertogreentearatherthanblacktea.

blackcoffee=sugarfreecoffee

现在国外最流行的:

decafcoffee

controversiala.引起争论的controversyn.论争(lesson39)

cactusn.仙人掌复数形式:

cacti拉丁变形

abacus算盘—abaci(pl.);alumnus校友—alumni(pl.)

termiten.白蚁

groupvt.把……分类

varianta.不同的variationn.变化;变奏曲

易混:

various各种各样的;variety多样性

barbariann.野蛮人=savage,vandal

pagann.异教徒相信不只有一个神的人;非基督教徒者

区别heretic异教徒信邪教的人

 

-141–文字录入:

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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55holdswayover支配,掌握Superstitionholdsswayovermybrain/mind.

wield挥,统治,支配(lesson40)

sway(左右)摇;shake(上下)摇;swing(绕圈)摇

premisen.前提大/小前提:

major/minorpremise

Onlyonthepremiseofequality,canwefurthernegotiate.

institutionn.惯例,风俗长期的习惯,不一定要遵守(社会风俗)

custom不同部落,种族WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.

tradition有历史遗传(可指家庭习俗)

 

supernaturala.超自然的

Notesonthetext课文注释

Thebasicbackgroundaboutthisauthor:

RuthBenedict(female)

Sheisafamousanthropologist.

“Culturalrelativism”文化相关论

subject(=topic,theme)

greatmoment=significance重要性

Theinnerworkingsofourownbrains…倒装句式

正常:

wefeelthe…workingstobe…宾语前置,强调宾语

workings运作(可数名词)

uniquely独特的=only

worthyof值得

commonplacea.后省略名词level

Wehaveawayofthinking.=asweview/seeit

Asamatteroffact作为一个事实而言(=infact)

Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.非常难句型主语:

Traditionalcustom谓语:

isamass

mass大量=collection

isamass=isawhole/total

taken被动语态,“采样”,“取样”

taketheworldover=throughouttheworld

-142–文字录入:

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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55detailed细致的astonishing=surprisingevolve进化(develop)

thepredominantrole一个主导作用

experience实践

inbelief信仰,思维活动

itmaymanifest体现

variety多样性

第二段第一句话点出主题

pristineeye原始的眼光=pure纯洁的

edite编辑

definite一定形式的,有限的

set集合

custom习俗

institution惯例

waysofthinking思维方式

probing=research,studies研究

stereotype陈规,定式

very强调

very修饰名词表示强调

havereferenceto和……有关=beconnectedwith

JohnDewey(1859-…)

“哲学思想“:

learningbydoing

inallseriousness=seriously

thepart=therole

在某一方面,用介词in

 

-143–文字录入:

dale76整理发布:

kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55as…as比较第一个as后面,风俗对人的影响——人对风俗的影响

第二个as后面,母语总体的词汇比例——被吸收到家庭语言中的儿语

overagainst对比,与……比较

orders=differentlevels不同层面,不同阶层

havehad虚拟

autonomouslyauto自动autonomous自治的

figure省略用法figureofspeech

nomorethan正好,恰好=just

observation观察,证明

lifehistory生平

firstandforemost=aboveall最重要,首先

accommodation适应

pattern行为模式

standard规范,标准

handdown=passon流传下来

group种族=race

borninto出生于

globe=earth

no——整体否定

culturaltransmission文化传递

itismoreincumbentuponustounderstand…插入语

until直到

asto+名词=about关于

 

-144–文字录入:

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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson55complicating=difficult复杂

unintelligible难以理解的

notuntil直到……才

until直到……为止

profitable有利可图的=beneficial

preliminary基本,基础=basic

havebeen的用法:

后面的动作,一定是要和前面构成一个完成,后面的完成才能引发前面的动作

violentlyopposed强烈的反对

require虚拟

weighting称重

item选择的课题,项目

oneoftheitemsoranother

inallthelesscontroversialfields…在不太令人争论的一些领域

nebulae星云

allthatweknowof……

thatweknow做all的后置定语

of做all的后置定语

socialinsects群居生活的昆虫

letussay=sotospeak

majorsocialsciences主要的社会学

substitute替换,替代

thatof作同位语

anthropology人类学

aslongas=if只要,如果

degreeofsophistication=understanding理解

setoveragainst与……对比

theseinstitutions这些习俗

指前面belief,superstition

-145–文字录入:

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kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语(第二版第四册)Lesson56Lesson56TheAgeofAutomationofAutomation

Lesson56TheAgeofAutomation

 

自动化时代

自动化时代

Scienceandtechnologyhavecometopervadeeveryaspectofourlivesand,asaresult,societyischangingataspeedwhichisquiteunprecedented.Thereisagreattechnologicalexplosionaroundus,generatedbyscience.Thisexplosionisalreadyfreeingvastnumbersofpeoplefromtheirtraditionalbondagetonature,andnowatlastwehaveitinourpowertofreemankindonceandforallfromthefearwhichisbasedonwant.Now,forthefirsttime,mancanreasonablybegintothinkthatlifecanbesomethingmorethanagrimstruggleforsurvival.Buteventoday,inspiteofthehighstandardoflivingwhichhasbecomegeneralinthemorefortunateWest,themajorityofpeopleintheworldstillspendnearlyalltheirtimeandenergyinanever-endingstrugglewithnaturetosecurethefoodandsheltertheyneed.Eveninthiselementaryeffortmillionsofhumanbeingseachyeardieunnecessarilyandwastefullyfromhunger,disease,orflood.

Y

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