托福写作方法指引.docx

托福写作方法指引.docx

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托福写作方法指引

托福写作方法

（1）首段写法

首末段写法

1首段

首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一。

独立作文的引言部分指文章的首段，一个好的引言段落完成以下的几项任务：

1引起读者的兴趣

2告诉读者本文总的话题

3告诉读者本文的主题

为了在考试中获得高分，首先，文章要使用一些能吸引读者注意力的手段，其次，要交代关于本文话题的一些背景信息；最后，要以一句话陈述本文的主题，而且如果合适的话，在主题陈述句中预览本文的主要观点。

例如，

Schoolsshouldaskstudentstoevaluatetheirteachers.Doyouagreeordisagree?

Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

首段

UniversitiesintheUShavelonghadevaluationofteachingqualitytohelpstudentsmakedecisionsastowhichclassestotake.Itisnolongeraquestionofwhetherornorschoolsshouldaskstudentstocommentontheirteacher’swork,butsimplyhowandtowhatextent.Asfarasteachingqualityisconcerned,Ifullysupportthedecisiontorequirestudentstoassesstheirteachers’performance.

上述段落作为首段，达到了上面所说的对首段的要求：

第一句话交代了关于本文话题——学生评价老师的一些背景信息，吸引读者的注意力；第二句话复述了题目，最后一句做了主题陈述。

综合来说，比较符合ETS提出的高分标准。

要达到ETS提出的首段写作标准，必须做到三点。

第一点是使用一些能引起读者兴趣的首段。

这一点极为重要。

如果阅卷者一开始就觉得文章过于老套与平淡，很难拿到高分。

要求学生在首段就要将阅卷人的注意力抓住。

在英语中，这种方法被形象称为“hook”，主要有五种：

1漏斗鱼钩（funnelhook）

2问题鱼钩（questionhook）

3驳斥鱼钩（refutationhook）

4叙事鱼钩（dramatichook）

5引语鱼钩（quotationshook）

1漏斗鱼钩

作为引起读者兴趣的手段，写作按照从大范围到小范围，从概括到具体的“漏斗型”模式展开。

文章开始的时候提供概括性背景信息，接着过渡到本文的具体话题。

注意两点：

第一，开始的背景信息不能过于宽泛笼统；第二，讨论本文的具体话题时要紧贴题目的要求。

此方法适用于描述解释型、比较对比型、二选一型。

具体的做法是交代一些与题目相关的背景，然后用自己的话复述题目。

注意：

不能完全照抄题目，尤其是题目很长时更不要逐字照搬，否则会给阅卷老师留下懒惰和表达能力差的印象。

Ingeneral,peoplearelivinglongernow.Discussthecausesofthisphenomenon.Usespecificreasonsanddetailstodevelopyouressay.

首段：

Itisreportedthatpeopleinmostpartsoftheworldhavealongerlifeexpectancythaninthepast.Thisisespeciallytrueofdevelopingcountrieswherepeopleenjoyincreasinglyhigherlivingstandards.Afewfactorscontributetothisphenomenon.

这是一篇描述解释型文章，首段使用了“漏斗鱼钩”，前两句简单交代了背景，复述了题目，第三句给出了主题陈述。

”Thisistrueofnationsasitisofindividuals.“

Whataresomeofthequalitiesofagoodparent?

Usespecificdetailsandexamplestoexplainyouranswer.

首段

Everyonewantstohavegoodparents,butnoteveryparentisgoodenoughfortheirchildren.Itwasfortunatetohavegreatparents,soitisnotdifficultformetoidentifythequalitiesthatmakethemgood.Thesequalitiesarelove,trustandrespectfortheirchildren.

Ithasrecentlybeenannouncedthatanewrestaurantmaybebuiltinyourneighborhood.Doyousupportoropposethisplan?

Why?

Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

首段

Whethertheresidentsofaneighborhoodwouldsupportoropposethebuildingofanewrestaurantneartheirhomeswouldlargelydependontherequirementsandneedsoftheneighborhood.Ifitwerearestaurantthatproducedmuchpollutionandwasincompatiblewithotherbusinessesinthearea,thentheresidentswouldcertainlyopposetheaction:

ifitwerearestaurantthatproducedlittlepollutionandwascompatiblewithotherlocalbusinesses,thenmostoftheresidentswerelikelytosupportthenewrestaurant.Assumingthatthenewrestaurantbelongstothesecondcategory,Iwelcometherestaurant.

这是一篇比较型文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，首先是一句老生常谈的背景交代，然后根据背景中包含的两种情况进行论述，末句为主题陈述。

Somepeoplethinkthatgovernmentsshouldspendasmuchaspossibleondevelopingorbuyingcomputertechnology.Otherpeopledisagreeandthinkthatthismoneyshouldbespentonmorebasicneeds.Whichoneofthesequalitiesdoyouagreewith?

Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

首段

Governmentalspending,whetheritisfordevelopingcomputertechnologyorbuyingit,neednotalwaysbeattheexpenseofotherneeds.Thetwoneedsarenotalwaysmutuallyexclusive,forcingonetochoosebetweenthetwo.Withplanningandwisedecisions,oftenbothcanbeaccomplished.If,however,onewereforcedtochoosebetweenthetwoneeds,thatofdevelopingorpurchasingcomputertechnologyversusmoreneeds,Ibelievemostpeoplewouldputpeople’smorebasicneedsfirst.

这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述。

Itisbetterforchildrentogrowupinthecountrysidethaninabigcity.Doyouagreeordisagree?

Usespecificreasonsandexamplestodevelopyouressay.

首段

Assoonasthedecisionismadetohavechildren,parentsdebatewhetheritisbettertoraisetheminthecityorinthecountryside.Althoughsometimesajobmaydictatewheretoraiseafamily,ifIhadthechoice,Iwouldchoosetoraisemychildreninabigcity.

这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述。

2问题鱼钩

问题鱼钩以提问的方式引起阅卷者对主题的思考，这一方法较为容易使用，适用于三大题型。

使用时要注意：

问句不宜过多，一般不能超过三个，而且要紧扣题目。

Ithasbeensaid,“Noteverythingthatislearnediscontainedinbooks”.Compareandcontrastknowledgegainedfromexperiencewithknowledgegainedfrombooks.Inyouropinion,whichsourceismoreimportant?

Why?

首段

Weallcraveknowledge,especiallyinthisAgeofInformation,butwhatisthebestsourceofknowledge?

ArewetobelieveAlbertCamus,whosaid“Theplacewearetogetknowledgeisinbooks”?

OrarewebetterservedbyfollowingAlbertEinstein’scounselthat“Theonlysourceofknowledgeisexperience”?

Althoughbookshavetheirplaceinone’slearning,thereisnosubstituteforexperience;indeed,itisexperiencethatisultimatelythemostimportantsourceofknowledge.

这是一篇比较型文章，首段以三个问题开始，每个问题都紧扣题目——经验知识和书本知识重要性的比较。

段末做了主题陈述，经验知识更为重要。

这个问题鱼钩使用的十分巧妙，引发读者对主题——经验知识与书本知识相对重要性的思考。

Yourschoolhasenoughmoneytopurchaseeithercomputerforstudentsorbooksforthelibrary.Whichshouldyourschoolchoosetobuy—computersorbooks?

Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyourrecommendations.

首段

Haveyoueveraccessedthevastnumberofresearcharticlesinacademicdatabasesviaacomputerinyourschool?

Haveyouevercheckedyourimportantemailsviaacomputerinthehallwayoutsideofyourclassroom?

Haveyouevertriedtoimproveyourassignmentsuntiringlyviaacomputertomakethemlookperfect?

Ifonehasneverhadsuchexperiences,onewouldneverknowhowcomputersareindispensabletoastudent’ssurvivalinschool.

Whydoyouthinksomepeopleareattractedtodangeroussportsorotherdangerousactivities?

Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

首段

Haveyouexperiencedtheexhilarationofbungeejumping?

Haveyouhadtheexcitementofcarracing?

Nowadaysanincreasingnumberofpeopleareflockingtosuchdangerousactivities,foravarietyofreasonssuchasloveofrisks,relaxationormoney.

3驳斥鱼钩

驳斥鱼钩在议论文中使用的非常普遍，它尤其适用于有争议的话题。

就独立作文而言，其中“二选一”题目，包括agreeordisagree,prefer都可以使用驳斥鱼钩开头。

所谓驳斥鱼钩就是在处理有争议话题的时候，以让步的方式引出自己的观点。

这意味着先总结对立的观点与意见，先承认对方观点一定的合理性，然后驳斥对方的观点，并在主题陈述中明确表达自己的观点。

Insomecountries,teenagershavejobswhiletheyarestillstudents.Doyouthinkthisisagoodidea?

首段

Asateenagerstudent,Ienjoyedhavingajob,becauseitprovidedmewiththemoneyIneededformyschooling.However,asanadult,Icantrulyappreciatethepressureofateenagerwhohastodividehisorherenergybetweenstudyandanafter-classjob.Ithinkkeepingajobasateenagerstudentisrelativelydifficultandthesestudentsshouldnothaveorbeforcedtohavejobs.

Somepeoplesaythatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.Otherpeoplebelievethatstudentsshouldspendthewholeschooldayonacademicstudies.Whichopiniondoyouagreewith?

Itistruethatphysicalexerciseisimportant.Forexample,ithelpsstudentsreducestress,loseweightandimproveacademicperformance.However,itisnotresponsibilityofaschooltoofferphysicaltrainingtoitsstudents.Shouldphysicalexercisebepartoftheschoolprogram,itwouldbeawasteofeffortandresourcesforthefollowingreasons.

4叙事鱼钩

叙事鱼钩是一种常见的文章开头，描述一个具有戏剧性的故事或者场景，引发读者的兴趣。

Somepeoplespendtheirentirelivesinoneplace.Othersmoveanumberoftimesthroughouttheirlives,lookingforabetterjob,house,community,orevenclimate.Whichonedoyouprefer:

stayinginoneplaceormovinginsearchofanotherplace?

Itisnotuncommonforsiblingstorepresentbothphenomena,somesiblingsspendingtheirentirelivesinoneplace,othersmovingaroundmanytimesthroughouttheyears.Myelderbrotherandhiswifehavelivedinthesamehousefor22yearswhereasmyyoungerbrotherandIhavehadto,andchosentomovearoundmorethanafewtimes.Therearethreemainreasonsforthisscenario.

使用自己亲身经历，紧扣问题又具有戏剧性。

段末做了一个简单的主题陈述。

Imaginethatyouarepreparingforatrip.Youplantobeawayfromyourhomeforayear.Inadditiontoclothingandpersonalcareitems,youcantakeoneadditionalthing.Whatwouldyoutakeandwhy?

OnceIwasworkingawayfromhomeforalongtime,butIdidnotfeellonely,becauseIhadbroughtallmyfavoritebookswithme.Inmysparetime,IreadmyfavoritebooksonebyoneandhadalmostfinishedallthebooksbeforeIhadachancetogohome.Thisremindsmethatameaningfullifeformeisonethatprovidesopportunitiesforreading.Thus,inafuturetripforayearawayfromhome,IwillstillbringsomebooksthatIlovebutdonothavethetimetoreadathome,forexample,theChineseclassicsandtheirEnglishtranslations.

5引语鱼钩

使用专家的话，或者使用谚语，前者增加讨论的可能性，后者可以使讨论更具可信度，缩短读者与作者之间的距离。

要注意引文的准确性，

Itissometimessaidthatborrowingmoneyfromafriendcanharmordamagethefriendship.Doyouagree?

AsShakespeareputit,“Neitheraborrower,noralenderbe;Forloanoftlosesbothitselfandfriend,andborrowingdullstheedgeofhusbandry….”Inmyexperience,beingontheoppositesideofabusinessdealfromafriendorrelativecanruinagoodrelationship.Borrowingmorethanthreedaysworthofsalaryisessentiallyabusinessdeal.Inthesetypesofsituation,Iconcurthatborrowingmoneyfromafriendcanharmordamagethefriendship.

开始引用莎士比亚关于借钱伤害友谊的话，紧扣题目。

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement.Allstudentsshouldberequiredtostudyartandmusicinsecondaryschool.

In1965,PresidentLyndonB.Johnson