托福写作方法指引.docx

1、托福写作方法指引托福写作方法（1）首段写法首末段写法1 首段首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一。独立作文的引言部分指文章的首段，一个好的引言段落完成以下的几项任务：1 引起读者的兴趣2 告诉读者本文总的话题3 告诉读者本文的主题为了在考试中获得高分，首先，文章要使用一些能吸引读者注意力的手段，其次，要交代关于本文话题的一些背景信息；最后，要以一句话陈述本文的主题，而且如果合适的话，在主题陈述句中预览本文的主要观点。例如，Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers. Do you agree or disagree? Use spec

2、ific reasons and examples to support your answer. 首段 Universities in the US have long had evaluation of teaching quality to help students make decisions as to which classes to take. It is no longer a question of whether or nor schools should ask students to comment on their teachers work, but simply

3、 how and to what extent. As far as teaching quality is concerned, I fully support the decision to require students to assess their teachers performance. 上述段落作为首段，达到了上面所说的对首段的要求：第一句话交代了关于本文话题学生评价老师的一些背景信息，吸引读者的注意力；第二句话复述了题目，最后一句做了主题陈述。综合来说，比较符合ETS提出的高分标准。要达到ETS提出的首段写作标准，必须做到三点。第一点是使用一些能引起读者兴趣的首段。这一点极

4、为重要。如果阅卷者一开始就觉得文章过于老套与平淡，很难拿到高分。要求学生在首段就要将阅卷人的注意力抓住。在英语中，这种方法被形象称为“hook”，主要有五种：1 漏斗鱼钩（funnel hook）2 问题鱼钩（question hook）3 驳斥鱼钩（refutation hook）4 叙事鱼钩（dramatic hook）5 引语鱼钩（quotations hook）1 漏斗鱼钩作为引起读者兴趣的手段，写作按照从大范围到小范围，从概括到具体的“漏斗型”模式展开。文章开始的时候提供概括性背景信息，接着过渡到本文的具体话题。注意两点：第一，开始的背景信息不能过于宽泛笼统；第二，讨论本文的具体话题

5、时要紧贴题目的要求。此方法适用于描述解释型、比较对比型、二选一型。具体的做法是交代一些与题目相关的背景，然后用自己的话复述题目。注意：不能完全照抄题目，尤其是题目很长时更不要逐字照搬，否则会给阅卷老师留下懒惰和表达能力差的印象。In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. 首段：It is reported that people in most parts of th

6、e world have a longer life expectancy than in the past. This is especially true of developing countries where people enjoy increasingly higher living standards. A few factors contribute to this phenomenon. 这是一篇描述解释型文章，首段使用了“漏斗鱼钩”，前两句简单交代了背景，复述了题目，第三句给出了主题陈述。”This is true of nations as it is of indiv

7、iduals. “What are some of the qualities of a good parent? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer. 首段Everyone wants to have good parents, but not every parent is good enough for their children. It was fortunate to have great parents, so it is not difficult for me to identify the qua

8、lities that make them good. These qualities are love, trust and respect for their children. It has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 首段Whether the resident

9、s of a neighborhood would support or oppose the building of a new restaurant near their homes would largely depend on the requirements and needs of the neighborhood. If it were a restaurant that produced much pollution and was incompatible with other businesses in the area, then the residents would

10、certainly oppose the action: if it were a restaurant that produced little pollution and was compatible with other local businesses, then most of the residents were likely to support the new restaurant. Assuming that the new restaurant belongs to the second category, I welcome the restaurant. 这是一篇比较型

11、文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，首先是一句老生常谈的背景交代，然后根据背景中包含的两种情况进行论述，末句为主题陈述。Some people think that governments should spend as much as possible on developing or buying computer technology. Other people disagree and think that this money should be spent on more basic needs. Which one of these qualities do you agree with?

12、Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 首段Governmental spending, whether it is for developing computer technology or buying it, need not always be at the expense of other needs. The two needs are not always mutually exclusive, forcing one to choose between the two. With planning and

13、 wise decisions, often both can be accomplished. If, however, one were forced to choose between the two needs, that of developing or purchasing computer technology versus more needs, I believe most people would put peoples more basic needs first. 这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述。It is bett

14、er for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay. 首段As soon as the decision is made to have children, parents debate whether it is better to raise them in the city or in the countryside. Although somet

15、imes a job may dictate where to raise a family, if I had the choice, I would choose to raise my children in a big city. 这是一篇二选一的文章，首段使用漏斗鱼钩，交代大的背景，然后复述题目，最后给出主题陈述。2 问题鱼钩问题鱼钩以提问的方式引起阅卷者对主题的思考，这一方法较为容易使用，适用于三大题型。使用时要注意：问句不宜过多，一般不能超过三个，而且要紧扣题目。It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contai

16、ned in books”. Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?首段We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who s

17、aid “The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einsteins counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in ones learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately t

18、he most important source of knowledge. 这是一篇比较型文章，首段以三个问题开始，每个问题都紧扣题目经验知识和书本知识重要性的比较。段末做了主题陈述，经验知识更为重要。这个问题鱼钩使用的十分巧妙，引发读者对主题经验知识与书本知识相对重要性的思考。Your school has enough money to purchase either computer for students or books for the library. Which should your school choose to buycomputers or books? Use s

19、pecific reasons and examples to support your recommendations. 首段Have you ever accessed the vast number of research articles in academic databases via a computer in your school? Have you ever checked your important emails via a computer in the hallway outside of your classroom? Have you ever tried to

20、 improve your assignments untiringly via a computer to make them look perfect? If one has never had such experiences, one would never know how computers are indispensable to a students survival in school. Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? U

21、se specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 首段Have you experienced the exhilaration of bungee jumping? Have you had the excitement of car racing? Nowadays an increasing number of people are flocking to such dangerous activities, for a variety of reasons such as love of risks, relaxation

22、 or money. 3 驳斥鱼钩驳斥鱼钩在议论文中使用的非常普遍，它尤其适用于有争议的话题。就独立作文而言，其中“二选一”题目，包括agree or disagree, prefer 都可以使用驳斥鱼钩开头。所谓驳斥鱼钩就是在处理有争议话题的时候，以让步的方式引出自己的观点。这意味着先总结对立的观点与意见，先承认对方观点一定的合理性，然后驳斥对方的观点，并在主题陈述中明确表达自己的观点。In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea?

23、首段As a teenager student, I enjoyed having a job, because it provided me with the money I needed for my schooling. However, as an adult, I can truly appreciate the pressure of a teenager who has to divide his or her energy between study and an after-class job. I think keeping a job as a teenager stud

24、ent is relatively difficult and these students should not have or be forced to have jobs. Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole school day on academic studies. Which opinion do you agree with?It

25、 is true that physical exercise is important. For example, it helps students reduce stress, lose weight and improve academic performance. However, it is not responsibility of a school to offer physical training to its students. Should physical exercise be part of the school program, it would be a wa

26、ste of effort and resources for the following reasons. 4 叙事鱼钩叙事鱼钩是一种常见的文章开头，描述一个具有戏剧性的故事或者场景，引发读者的兴趣。Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives, looking for a better job, house, community, or even climate. Which one do you prefer: staying

27、in one place or moving in search of another place?It is not uncommon for siblings to represent both phenomena, some siblings spending their entire lives in one place, others moving around many times throughout the years. My elder brother and his wife have lived in the same house for 22 years whereas

28、 my younger brother and I have had to, and chosen to move around more than a few times. There are three main reasons for this scenario. 使用自己亲身经历，紧扣问题又具有戏剧性。段末做了一个简单的主题陈述。Imagine that you are preparing for a trip. You plan to be away from your home for a year. In addition to clothing and personal car

29、e items, you can take one additional thing. What would you take and why?Once I was working away from home for a long time, but I did not feel lonely, because I had brought all my favorite books with me. In my spare time, I read my favorite books one by one and had almost finished all the books befor

30、e I had a chance to go home. This reminds me that a meaningful life for me is one that provides opportunities for reading. Thus, in a future trip for a year away from home, I will still bring some books that I love but do not have the time to read at home, for example, the Chinese classics and their

31、 English translations. 5 引语鱼钩使用专家的话，或者使用谚语，前者增加讨论的可能性，后者可以使讨论更具可信度，缩短读者与作者之间的距离。要注意引文的准确性，It is sometimes said that borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree?As Shakespeare put it, “Neither a borrower, nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, an

32、d borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.” In my experience, being on the opposite side of a business deal from a friend or relative can ruin a good relationship. Borrowing more than three days worth of salary is essentially a business deal. In these types of situation, I concur that borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. 开始引用莎士比亚关于借钱伤害友谊的话，紧扣题目。Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school.In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson