课后复习题.docx

课后复习题.docx

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课后复习题

怎样复习《语言学导论》课？

答：

重要术语的含义和英语解释

重要理论的概要

重要概念之间的比较分析

建议：

通读

熟悉课后的词汇表

做每章练习中的所有选择性、判断性的题目

期末考试题型：

  1）选择填空（40分）

2）术语英汉互译（40分）

3）专题讨论（20分）

Chapter1

I.TranslatethefollowingquotationsintoChinese:

Languagetoucheseverypartofourlives;itgiveswordstoourthoughts,voicetoourideas,andexpressiontoourfeelings.Itisarichandvariedhumanability–onethatwecanusewithoutevenathought,thatchildrenseemtoacquireautomatically,andthatlinguistshavefoundtobecomplexyetdescribable.

（fromG.Tserdanelis&W.Wong:

Languagefiles）

Linguisticsisthestudyofthenature,structure,andvariationoflanguage,includingphonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,andpragmatics.

II.Fillintheblankswiththenamesoflinguists:

1）Platoheldthattherewasauniversallycorrectandacceptablelogicoflanguageformantofollowinexpressinghisideas.

2）Aristotlearguedthatknowledgeoflanguagewasarrivedatbyconventionandagreementofthespeakersofagivenlanguage.

3）InancientChina,afamousphilosophernamedXunzireasonedthatanamewasacceptedthroughpublicagreement,andtheappropriatenessofnamingathinglayinconvention.

4）AccordingtoChomsky,knowledgeoflanguageistheresultoftheinteractionofUGandlaterexperience.

5）Saussureadvocatedthediversionofthefocusoflinguisticstudyfromdiachronictosynchronic.

Chapter2

I.TranslatethefollowingquotationsintoChinese:

Linguisticknowledgeasrepresentedinthespeaker’smindiscalledagrammar.Linguistictheoryisconcernedwithrevealingthenatureofthementalgrammarwhichrepresentsspeakers’knowledgeoftheirlanguage.

Grammarasviewedhereisdifferentfromtheusualnotionofgrammar.（fromV.Fromkin:

Linguistics）

Grammaristheabilitytousestructuresaccurately,meaningfully,andappropriately.

（fromD.Larsen-Freeman:

ALectureonSLA）

II.Fillintheblankswiththenamesoflinguistsororganizations:

1）__________assertedthattherewasa“legislator”whogavethecorrect,naturalnametoeverything,andlanguagesbelongedtostatesbutnottoindividuals.

2）__________pointedoutthatbabies’cryisasortofnaturalsounds,whichcouldneverdevelopintoalanguage.

3）Acornerstoneofscienceis_________’sintuitionthatnatureisperfect.

4）__________firstproposedthatalanguageinSouthAsiabearelativeofmanyEuropeanlanguages.

5）Theoriginoflanguageasatopicwasbannedby_______foundedin1866.

Chapter3

I.TranslatethefollowingquotationintoChinese:

Phoneticsprovidesthemeansfordescribingspeechsounds;phonologystudiesthewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguage.Thephonologyofalanguageisthenthesystemandpatternofthespeechsounds.Weseethatthewordphonologyisthususedintwoways,eitherasthestudyofsoundpatternsinlanguageorasthesoundpatternofalanguage.

（fromV.Fromkin&R.Roman:

AnIntroductiontoLanguage）

II.Matcheachofthespeechorgansontheleftwithitsproperdescriptionontheright.（RefertoFig.3.1onp31ifyoufindthetaskdifficult）

Larynx

Pharynx

Vocalcords

Softpalate

Hardpalate

Alveolarridge

Trachea

III.GivetheIPAsymbolforeachoftheconsonantsdescribedbelow.

1）voicedbilabialplosive

2）voicelessalveolarplosive

3）voicelessdentalfricative

4）voicedbilabialnasal

5）voicelesslabio-dentalfricative

6）voicedalveolar（lateral）liquid

7）voicedpalato-alveolaraffricate

8）voicedpalatalglide

9）voicedvelarnasal

10）voicelessalveolarfricative

IV.Whichoneofthefourchoicesbeloweachvowelisnotaphoneticfeatureofthatsound?

1）ɜ:

a）semi-closeb）front

c）midd）unrounded

2）æ

a）semi-openb）front

c）lowd）unrounded

3）u:

a）closeb）back

c）lowd）rounded

4）ə

a）semi-openb）central

c）highd）alwaysunstressed

5）i

a）closeb）front

c）highd）rounded

Chapter4

I.TranslatethefollowingquotationsintoChinese:

Morphologyisthestudyofword-makingandword-marking.Ontheonehand,morphologyexaminesmeaningrelationshipsbetweenwordsandthewaysinwhichtheseconnectionsareindicated.Ontheother,morphologylooksathowgrammaticalrelationshipsbetweenwordsaremarked.Differentlanguagesfocusondifferentwordrelationships,andtheymakeuseofdifferentpatternsofmarking.

（fromG.Tserdanelis&W.Wong:

Languagefiles）

Thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed,iscalledmorphology.

（fromV.Fromkin&R.Roman:

AnIntroductiontoLanguage）

II.Fillintheblankswiththelinguistictermsyouhavelearned.

1）Wordsarenotthemostelementalsound-meaningunits.Themostelementalgrammaticalunitsinalanguageare______.

2）______morphemeslike“a-”,“pre-”,“-ly”,“-ness”,whichhaveonlygrammaticalmeanings,arelimitedinnumber,about100inEnglish.

3）______aredifferentfromphrasesinthattheysymbolizeanintegratedconcept.Phonologically,theyhaveprimarystressonthefirstwordonly,whileindividualwordsinphraseshaveindependentprimarystress.

4）Modernlinguisticresearchsuggeststhatlanguageisintrinsicallylessliteralthanwehavealwaysassumed.Itisabundantin______expressions.

5）Languagesoftheworldcanbeclassifiedmorphologicallyintothreetypes:

isolating,inflecting,and______.

III.Inthefollowingsentences,indicatewhethereachmorphemeis（a）afreemorpheme,（b）aderivationalboundmorpheme,or（c）aninflectionalboundmorpheme:

1）Theoldergentlemanvotedwisely.

2）TheChildrenskippedropeandplayedgamesjoyfully.

3）他们赛跑拿了第一。

Chapter5

I.TranslatethefollowingstatementintoChinese:

Syntaxisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofsentencesandtherelationshipamongtheircomponentparts.

II.Fillintheblankswiththelinguistictermsyouhavelearned.

1）IntheVPdrawatree,drawisthe______ofthephrasewhileatreeisthe______.

2）Aphraseisthe______ofthehead.XPcanbedefinedasthe______projectionheadedbyX,X’,asthe_______projection,andXitself,i.e.thehead,asthe______projection.

3）AccordingtoX-bartheory,headXcaneitherbea______category,suchasnounsandverbs,ora______category.

4）IntheskeletonofXP,SPECstandsfor______andCOMPstandsforcomplement.SPECandX’are______.SoareXandCOMP.

5）IPrefersto______.I,afunctionalcategory,includesnotonly_____________butalsofiniteauxiliaries,andthe____________to.

6）CPrefersto_____________andcanbefoundintheanalysisofcomplexsentencesaswellas_______andtopicalization.

Chapter6

I.TranslatethefollowingquotationsintoChinese:

Moreinterestisthefactthatlanguagesdifferininflectionalsystems:

casesystems,forexample.WefindthatthesearefairlyrichinLatin,evenmoresoinSanskritorFinnish,butminimalinEnglishandinvisibleinChinese.

ChineseandEnglish,forexample,mayhavethesamecasesystemasLatin,butthephoneticrealizationisdifferent.Furthermore,itseemsthatmuchofthevarietyoflanguagecanbereducedtopropertiesofinflectionalsystems.

（fromN.Chomsky:

NewHorizonsintheStudyofLanguageandMind）

II.Fillintheblankswiththelinguistictermsyouhavelearned.

1）Logicianshavelongbeenconcernedwithformulatingrepresentationsforthesemanticstructureofsentences,ormorecorrectly________.NPsrequiredbyaverbarecalledits________.ApropositioncomprisesapredicateVandasetofarguments.Inadditiontoitsarguments,averbveryoftenpermitssomeoptionalphraseswhicharecalled________.

2）The________argumentofaverbhastoberealizedinsidethemaximalprojectionofthatverb.The________argumentofaverbisnotcontainedinthemaximalprojectionofthatverb.Forexample,inJohn[VPbuysbooks],Johnistheexternalargumentandbooksistheinternalargumentoftheverbbuy.

3）Eachverbmayhave________externalargument（s）.Eachverbmayhave_________internalargument（s）.

4）Eachargumentisassignedoneandonlyone________role.Eachtheta/thematicroleisassignedtooneandonlyone________.

Chapter7

I.TranslatethefollowingquotationsintoChinese:

Normallyhumanbeingsdonotproduceutterancesforthesakeofthephonetic,phonologicalandgrammaticalfeatures.Utterancesareproducedbecausetheyconveymeaning.

（fromJ.Simpson:

AFirstCourseinLinguistics）

Semanticsasasubfieldoflinguisticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Semanticsdealswiththemeaningsofwords,andhowthemeaningsofsentencesarederivedfromthem.

（fromG.Tserdanelis&W.Wong:

Languagefiles）

II.Fillintheblankswiththelinguistictermsyouhavelearnt.

1）Wordsorexpressionsthathaveidenticalmeaningsarecalled_______.

2）Wordsorphrasesthathaveoppositemeaningsarecalled_______.

3）Whenawordhastwoormoremeaningsthatareatleastvaguelyrelatedtoeachother,itiscalleda________.Forexample,“leaf”canreferto“apartofatree”andalso“asheetofpaper”.

4）Whenwordshaveasinglephoneticformbuttwoormoreentirelydifferentmeanings,theyarecalled________.Forexample,“bank”canmean“acommerciallendinginstitution”and“asmallcliffattheedgeofariver”.

5）Wordshavetwokindsofmeanings:

denotativeandconnotative.________meaningisprecise,literal,andobjective.Onewaytothinkofaword's______meaningisasitsdictionarydefinition.

6）_______meaningismorevariable,figurative,andsubjective.Itiswhateverthewordsuggestsorimplies.______meaningincludesallthefeelings,associations,andemotionsthatawordtouc