affix.docx

affix.docx

《affix.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《affix.docx（5页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

affix

ApplicationofAffixinEnglishVocabularyLearning

摘要：

词汇是英语学习中的一个非常重要的部分,它也是语言形成和发展过程中必不可少的，对于中国英语学习者来说，掌握和记忆大量的词汇是英语学习者英语学习的前提。

随着语言学习的深入，我们不难发现，现代英语中词汇的扩展主要依靠构词法，而词缀法是最为多产的方式之一。

根据派利斯和阿尔格欧的说法,通过词缀法产生的词占据新词总数的30％至40％。

该论文主要介绍了词缀构词法的特点，类型，运用以及掌握好词缀法的构成和运用在英语词汇学习中的积极意义。

关键词：

词汇；运用；构词法；词缀法；前缀法，后缀法。

Abstract:

VocabularyisaveryimportantpartofEnglishlearning,alsoitisanessentialpartoflanguageformationanddevelopment.ForChineseEnglishlearners,itisthepremiseforthemtograspandmemorizealargenumberofwords.Withthedeeplearningoflanguage,itiseasyforustodiscoverthattheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonwordformation.AccordingtoPylesandAlgeo,wordsproducedthroughaffixationconstitute30％to40％ofthetotalnumberofnewwords（张维友2004.2）.Thispapermainlyintroducesfeatures,types，applicationofaffixation,andthepositivemeaningofmasteringthecompositionandapplicationofaffixeswellinEnglishvocabularylearning.

Keywords:

vocabulary;application;wordformation;affixation;prefixation;suffixation.

Introduction

VocabularyplaysadominantroleinEnglishlearning.Wilkinssaid:

withoutgrammarLittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed（周智2008.1）.Therefore,wehavenoreasontoignorethepositionofvocabulary.ButformostChinesestudent,thereisageneraldifficultythatoftenmakethemfeelworried,whichislearningEnglishvocabulary.Inreading,itiscommonthatforeignlanguagelearnersalwaysencounternewwords,whichhindertheirreadingcomprehension.Inwritingalimitedvocabularypreventsfromdevelopingideasorargumentseffectively.SothatChinesestudentstrytofindoutthemosteffectivemethodtosolvetheproblem.WiththedeeplearningofEnglish,theycandiscoversomerulesinvocabularylearning.WordformationisoneofthemostproductivewaytoexpandvocabularyinmodernEnglish.Thereislotsofcompositioninthewordformation.Affixationisanimportantpartofit,whichincludesaffixationandprefixation.Somevocabularycanberesolvedintosmallerelements,suchasroot,prefix,suffix,itwillbegoodforustomemorizealargenumberofwords.SomasteringtheapplicationofaffixesisaveryeffectivemethodinEnglishvocabularylearning.

1.Affixationinwordformation

Affixationisgenerallydefineddefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases（张维友2004.2）.Itisoneofthemostproductivemethodinwordformation.wordsproducedthroughthismethodconstituteabout40％ofthetotalnumberofnewwords.Thewordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintwosubcategories:

prefixationandsuffixation.

1.1ThebasicelementsofEnglishwords

WordsareanimportantpartofEnglishlearning.So,itisnecessarytoanalyseandstudythebasicelementsofaword.

（1）Theroot

Rootisthebasictypeword.Stemhasaclearlydefinedmeaning,itcouldnotbeusedalone,butonlywithanotherroottogetherorwithanotheraffixtogethertoformaword（徐建军2008.10）.Generallyspeaking,accordingtothemeaningoftheroot,wecanknowthebasicmeaningofthewords,thencombinetheaffixmeaningwecangetcompletemeaningofwords.

（2）Prefix（prefixation）

TherearemanyprefixesinEnglish,mostofthemcannotappearasaseparateword,butonlyasanaffixmorphemeandthestem,therebyconstitutesanewword.Prefixcanbeexpressedinthenegative,thedegree,scale,position,attitude,location,time,sequence,numbers,conversionandsoon.

（3）Suffix（suffixation）

Englishwordscannotonlycreatenewwordsbyaddingprefixes,addingsuffixescanalsoformanewword.Theprefixisgenerallybasedonthesemantics,butthesuffixisgenerallybasedonthesyntax.Suffixesusuallychangethespeechoftheword,constitutetheotherwordsthathavesimilarmeaning.Afewsuffixalsochangesthemeaningofwords,evenitbecomesanewwordthathasanoppositemeaningofthewordbefore.Generallyspeaking,thenounsuffixrootcombineswithverbstoformnouns,verbs,adverbsandsoon.Therefore,wecancallthemnounsuffixes,verbsuffix,adjectivesuffix,adverbsuffixes.

1.2Thetypesoftheaffix

Derivationoraffixationisaprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.

Acombiningformisaboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek.

e.g.auto（Gkautosself）;hydro（Gkhydorwater）;tele（Gktelefaroff）.

Buttheynowoccursonlyinderivatives.

Derivationissubdividedintoprefixationandsuffixation.

A.Prefixation

Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.

Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase,butdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebase.e.g.fair---unfair.

However,incurrentEnglish,prefixesdoconvertwordstoadifferentword-classincomparisonwiththeiroriginalbases.

e.g.be-adj.----v.becalm,belittle

de-n.-----v.deform,debug

en-n.-----v.enslave,endanger

un-n.-----v.unleash,unearth

anti-n.-----adj.anti-war,anti-craft

inter-n.-----adj.inter-state,inter-laboratory

post-n.-----adj.postwar,postliberation

pre-n.-----adj.prewar,preplant

Classificationofprefixes:

Theycanbeclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning:

1）"negative"prefixes（un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-）;

2）"reversativeorprivative"（"非""缺"）prefixes（un-,de-,dis-）;

3）"pejorative"prefixes（贬损）（mis-,mal-）;

4）Prefixesofsizeordegree（arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-）

5）Prefixesofattitude（co-,counter-,anti-,pro-）

6）"locative"prefixes（super-,sub-,inter-,trans-）

7）Prefixesoftimeandorder（fore-,pre-,post-,ex-re-）

8）"number"prefixes（uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,multi-/poly-）

Thereisalsoamiscellaneouscategory（auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-）.

Anti-,de-,mini-,non-,re-,super-,andun-aresomeofthemostproductiveprefixestoday,whichshouldbecloselyobserved.

B.Suffixation

Suffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.e.g.boy---boyish.Butthereareexceptions:

e.g.boy---boyhood.

Classificationofsuffixes:

Sincesuffixesusuallychangethewordfromonepartofspeechtoanother,itisconvenienttoclassifythemnotonlyaccordingtotheword-classofthewordtheyform（asnoun-formingsuffixes,adjective-formingsuffixes,etc.）,butalsoaccordingtothekindofbasetowhichtheyaretypicallyadded.Forexample,ade-verbalsuffixlike–ableor–erisonethattypicallyaddedtoaverb;-edinpointedandsimpleminded;-alincultural,-icinatomicand-ousinambitious.Theyareeitherde-verbalorde-nominal.

（d）Adverb（-forming）suffixes:

e.g.-lyinhappily,

-ward（s）inbackward（s）,and–wiseinclockwise.

2.TheapplicationofaffixinEnglishvocabularylearning

2.1Englishvocabularylearning

TherearethreegeneraldifficultiesthatoftenmakeChineseEnglishlearnerfeelworried.Thedifficultiesaregrammar,readingandlisteningandvocabulary.Obviously,thevocabularyisthebasicone,iftheydonotmastersomevocabuary,theywillknowlittleaboutotherparts.Sinceocabularyislimited,theymaynotbeabletoexpresstheirideasclearlysometimes.Sowemustpaymuchattentiontovocabularylearning.

2.2Theapplicationinconcretelearning

InEnglishlearning,readingisimportant,itincludesextensivereadingandintensivereading,newwordshinderreadingcomprehension,whichneedsustoknowhowtomasterandmemorizealargenumberofwords.InEnglish.derivationmorhemesaremainyprefixesandsuffixes.Theseaffixesoftenchangethepartofspeechofthenew,derivedwordfromthatofthestem.Theaffixestherebyhelpustoidentifyrelationshipwithwords（汪榕培，王之江，吴晓维主编2005）.Therearesomeexamplesbelow:

Intherulesofaffixes,theprefixes“en-”“be-”canconvertwordstoadifferentword-classincompasionwiththeiroriginalbases.E.g.

Ensave,endanger,enrich,enable,beclam,belittle,bedim,bedwarf,bewinter,bemad,benumb,andsoon.

Theworddangerinanoun.Byaddingaprefixen-,wecangetaverbendanger,whosemeaningistoputindanger.

E.g.Drunkdriversendangerthelivesofothers.

Thewordcalmisanadjective.Afteraddingaprefixbe-toit,wecangetaverbbeclam.Itsmeaningintomakesomebodyorsomethingstillorquiet.

Usually,“en-”and“be-”bothcanbeusedbeforeanounoranadjective.

Sucharulemightbestatedas:

en+large（adj.）→enlarge（v.）

en+slave（n.）→enslave（v.）

en+lighten（v.）→enlighten（v.）

Inextensivereading,wecanlearnandmasteralargenumberofwords,theruleofaffixisgoodforustosolvethedifficultiesinourreading,especiallytheverbwords,suchas:

（in-，pro-,ob-,re-,e-）+ject（meansthrowv.）→verb

（pro-,com-,ex-,dis-,im-）+pel（meanspush,drivev.）→verb

（per-,re-,in-,）+sist（meansstandv.）→verb

Aboveofall,wecanknowthismethodisveryeffectiveinmasteringandmemorizingvocabulary.

3.Thepositivemeaninginthislearningmethod

AffixisaneffectivemethodinEnglishvocabularylearning.Ithelpsusanalysethestructureofvocabulary.FormostEnglishlearners,withregardtoapplicationofaffixinEnglishlearning,wemustknowtheaffixlimitationofusage,andpaymuchattentiontothedifferencesofaffixes.Atthesametimeweshouldtrytolearnderivative,onlyinthiswaywecanbulidupalargevocabulary.Inreading,wecanpromoteourreadingcomprehension.Inwriting,wecanusetheexactvocabularytodevelopourideasandargumentseffectively.Incmmunication,wecanexpressourselvesandtalkwithothersfluently.Fina