财务成本管理英语12.docx
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财务成本管理英语12
ActivityBasedCosting(ABC)
[对应中文教材2008年财务成本管理第十六章:
作业成本计算与管理]
1Activitybasedcosting
Analternativetoabsorptioncostingisactivitybasedcosting(ABC).
ABCinvolvestheidentificationofthefactors(costdrivers)whichcausethecostsofanorganization’smajoractivities.Supportoverheadsarechargedtoproductsonthebasisoftheirusageofanactivity.
Forcoststhatvarywithproductionlevelintheshortterm,thecostdriverwillbevolumerelated(laborormachinehours).
Overheadsthatvarywithsomeotheractivity(andnotvolumeofproduction)shouldbetracedtoproductsusingtransaction-basedcostdriverssuchasproductionrunsornumberofordersreceived.
1.1ReasonsforthedevelopmentofABC
Thetraditionalcostaccumulationsystemofabsorptioncostingwasdevelopedinatimewhenmostorganizationsproducedonlyanarrowrangeofproducts(sothatproductsunderwentsimilaroperationsandconsumedsimilarproportionsofoverheads).Andoverheadcostswereonlyaverysmallfractionoftotalcosts,directlaboranddirectmaterialcostsaccountingforthelargestproportionofthecosts.
Thebenefitsofmoreaccuratesystemsforoverheadallocationwouldprobablyhavebeenrelativelysmall.Inaddition,informationprocessingcostswerehigh.
Inrecentyears,however,therehasbeenadramaticfallinthecostsofprocessinginformation.And,withtheadventofadvancedmanufacturingtechnology(AMT),overheadsarelikelytobefarmoreimportantandinfactdirectlabormayaccountforaslittleas5%ofaproduct’scost.Itthereforenowappearsdifficulttojustifytheuseofdirectlaborordirectmaterialasthebasisforabsorbingoverheadsortobelievethaterrorsmadeinattributingoverheadswillnotbesignificant.
Manyresourcesareusedinnon-volumerelatedsupportactivities,(whichhaveincreasedduetoAMT)suchassetting-up,productionscheduling,inspectionanddataprocessing.Thesesupportactivitiesassisttheefficientmanufactureofawiderangeofproductsandarenot,ingeneral,affectedbychangesinproductionvolume.Theytendtovaryinthelongtermaccordingtotherangeandcomplexityoftheproductsmanufacturedratherthanthevolumeofoutput.
Thewidertherangeandthemorecomplextheproducts,themoresupportserviceswillberequired.Consider,forexample,factoryXwhichproduces10,000unitsofoneproduct,theAlpha,andfactoryYwhichproduces1000unitseachoftenslightlydifferentversionsoftheAlpha.SupportactivitycostsinthefactoryYarelikelytobealothigherthaninfactoryXbutthefactoriesproduceanidenticalnumberofunits.Forexample,factorXwillonlyneedtoset-uponcewhereasFactoryYwillhavetoset-uptheproductionrunatleasttentimesforthetendifferentproducts.FactoryYwillthereforeincurmoreset-upcostsforthesamevolumeofproduction.
Traditionalcostingsystems,whichassumethatallproductsconsumeallresourcesinproportiontotheirproductionvolumes,tendtoallocatetoogreataproportionofoverheadstohighvolumeproducts(whichcauserelativelylittlediversityandhenceusefewersupportservices)andtoosmallaproportionofoverheadstolowvolumeproducts(whichcausegreaterdiversityandthereforeusemoresupportservices).Activitybasedcosting(ABC)attemptstoovercomethisproblem.
1.2DefinitionofABC
Activitybasecosting(ABC)involvestheidentificationofthefactorswhichcausethecostsofanorganization’smajoractivities.Supportoverheadsarechargedtoproductsonthebasisoftheirusageofthefactorcausingtheoverheads.
Themajorideasbehindactivitybasedcostingareasfollows.
(a)Activitiescausecosts.Activitiesincludeordering,materialshandling,machining,assembly,productionschedulinganddispatching.
(b)Producingproductscreatesdemandfortheactivities.
(c)Costsareassignedtoaproductonthebasisoftheproduct'sconsumptionoftheactivities.
1.3OutlineanABCsystem
AnABCsystemoperatesasfollows.
Step1Identifyanorganization’smajoractivities.
Step2Identifythefactorswhichdeterminethesizeofthecostsofanactivity/causethecostsofanactivity.Theseareknownascostdrivers.
Acostdriverisafactorwhichcausesachangeinthecostofanactivity.
Lookatthefollowingexamples.
Costs
Possiblecostdriver
Orderingcosts
Numberoforders
Materialshandingcosts
Numberofproductionruns
Productionschedulingcosts
Numberofproductionruns
Dispatchingcosts
Numberofdispatches
Step3Collectthecostsassociatedwitheachcostdriverintowhatareknownascostpools.
Step4Chargecoststoproductsonthebasisoftheirusageoftheactivity.Aproduct'susageofanactivityismeasuredbythenumberoftheactivity'scostdriveritgenerates.
2AbsorptioncostingversusABC
Thefollowingexampleillustratesthepointthattraditionalcostaccountingtechniquesresultinamisleadingandinequitabledivisionofcostsbetweenlow-volumeandhigh-volumeproducts,andthatABCcanprovideamoremeaningfulallocationofcosts.
2.1Example:
Activitybasedcosting
SupposethatCooplanmanufacturesfourproducts,W,X,YandZ.Outputandcostdatafortheperiodjust
Endedareasfollows.
Numberof
Production
runsinthe Materialcost Directlabour Machine
Outputunits period perunit hoursperunit hoursperunit
$
W 10 2 20 1 1
X 10 2 8O 3 3
Y 100 5 20 1 1
Z 100 5 80 3 3
14
Directlabourcostperhour $5
Overheadcosts $
Shortrunvariablecosts 3,080
Set-upcosts 10,920
Expeditingandschedulingcosts 9,100
Materialshandlingcosts 7,700
30,800
Required
PrepareunitcostsforeachproductusingconventionalcostingandABC.
[答疑编号810110101]
Solution
Usingaconventionalabsorptioncostingapproachandanabsorptionrateforoverheadsbasedoneitherdirectlabourhoursormachinehours,theproductcostswouldbeasfollows.
W X Y Z Total
$ $ $ $ $
Directmaterial 200 800 2,000 8,000
Directlabour 50 150 500 1,500
Overheads* 700 2,100 7,000 21,000
950 3,050 9.500 30,500 44,000
Unitsproduced 10 10 100 100
Costperunit $95 $305 $95 $305
*$30,800÷440hours=$70perdirectlabourormachinehour.
Usingactivitybasedcostingandassumingthatthenumberofproductionrunsisthecostdriverforset-upcosts,expediting([5ekspidait]v加速,派出)andschedulingcostsandmaterialshandlingcostsandthatmachinehoursarethecostdriversforshort-runvariablecosts,unitcostswouldbeasfollows.
W X Y Z Total
$ $ $ $ $
Directmaterial 200 800 2,000 8,000
Directlabour 50 150 500 1,500
Short-runvariableoverheads(W1) 70 210 700 2,100
Set-upcosts(W2) 1,560 1,560 3,900 3,900
Expediting,schedulingcosts(W3) 1,300 1,300 3,250 3,250
Materialshandlingcosts(W4) 1,1O0 1,1O0 2,750 2,750
4,280 5,120 13,100 21,500 44,0O0
Unitsproduced 10 10 100 100
Costperunit $428 $512 $131 $215
Workings
1.$3,080÷440machinehours=$7permachinehour
2.$10,920÷14productionruns=$780perrun
3.$9,100÷14productionruns=$650perrun
4.$7,700÷14productionruns=$550perrun
Summary
Conventionalcosting ABC Differenceper Differencein
Product unitcost unitcost unit total
$ $ $ $
W 95 428 +333 +3,330
X 305 512 +207 +2,070
Y 95 131 +36 +3,600
Z 305 215 -90 -9,000
Thefiguressuggestthatthetraditionalvolume-basedabsorptioncostingsystemisflawed.
A.Itunder-allocatesoverheadscoststolow-volumeproducts(here,WandX)andover-allocatesoverheadstohigher-volumeproducts(hereZinparticular).
B.Itunder-allocatesoverheadscoststosmaller-sizedproducts(hereWandYwithjustonehourofworkneededperunit)andover-allocatesoverheadstolargerproducts(hereXandparticularlyZ).
2.2ABCversustraditionalcostingmethods
BothtraditionalabsorptioncostingandABCsystemsadoptthetwostageallocationprocess.
2.2.1Allocationofoverheads
ABCestablishesseparatecostpoolsforsupportactivitiessuchasdespatching.Asthecostsoftheseactivitiesareassigneddirectlytoproductsthroughcostdriverrates,reapportionmentofservicedepartmentcostsisavoided.
2.2.2Absorptionofoverheads
Theprincipaldifferencebetweenthetwosystemsisthewayinwhichoverheadsareabsorbedintoproducts.
(a)Absorptioncostingmostcommonlyusestwoabsorptionbases(labourhoursand/ormachinehours)tochargeoverheadstoproducts.
(b)ABCusesmanycostdriversasabsorptionbases(e.g.numberofordersordespatches).AbsorptionratesunderABCshouldthereforebemorecloselylinkedtothecausesofoverheadcosts.
2.3Costdrivers
TheprincipalideaofABCistofocusattentiononwhatcausescoststoincrease,isthecos