财务成本管理英语12.docx

上传人:b****3 文档编号:3746515 上传时间:2022-11-25 格式:DOCX 页数:11 大小:95.33KB
下载 相关 举报
财务成本管理英语12.docx_第1页
第1页 / 共11页
财务成本管理英语12.docx_第2页
第2页 / 共11页
财务成本管理英语12.docx_第3页
第3页 / 共11页
财务成本管理英语12.docx_第4页
第4页 / 共11页
财务成本管理英语12.docx_第5页
第5页 / 共11页
点击查看更多>>
下载资源
资源描述

财务成本管理英语12.docx

《财务成本管理英语12.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《财务成本管理英语12.docx(11页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。

财务成本管理英语12.docx

财务成本管理英语12

ActivityBasedCosting(ABC)

  [对应中文教材2008年财务成本管理第十六章:

作业成本计算与管理]

  

  1Activitybasedcosting

  Analternativetoabsorptioncostingisactivitybasedcosting(ABC).

  ABCinvolvestheidentificationofthefactors(costdrivers)whichcausethecostsofanorganization’smajoractivities.Supportoverheadsarechargedtoproductsonthebasisoftheirusageofanactivity.

  Forcoststhatvarywithproductionlevelintheshortterm,thecostdriverwillbevolumerelated(laborormachinehours).

  Overheadsthatvarywithsomeotheractivity(andnotvolumeofproduction)shouldbetracedtoproductsusingtransaction-basedcostdriverssuchasproductionrunsornumberofordersreceived.

  1.1ReasonsforthedevelopmentofABC

  Thetraditionalcostaccumulationsystemofabsorptioncostingwasdevelopedinatimewhenmostorganizationsproducedonlyanarrowrangeofproducts(sothatproductsunderwentsimilaroperationsandconsumedsimilarproportionsofoverheads).Andoverheadcostswereonlyaverysmallfractionoftotalcosts,directlaboranddirectmaterialcostsaccountingforthelargestproportionofthecosts.

  Thebenefitsofmoreaccuratesystemsforoverheadallocationwouldprobablyhavebeenrelativelysmall.Inaddition,informationprocessingcostswerehigh.

  Inrecentyears,however,therehasbeenadramaticfallinthecostsofprocessinginformation.And,withtheadventofadvancedmanufacturingtechnology(AMT),overheadsarelikelytobefarmoreimportantandinfactdirectlabormayaccountforaslittleas5%ofaproduct’scost.Itthereforenowappearsdifficulttojustifytheuseofdirectlaborordirectmaterialasthebasisforabsorbingoverheadsortobelievethaterrorsmadeinattributingoverheadswillnotbesignificant.

  Manyresourcesareusedinnon-volumerelatedsupportactivities,(whichhaveincreasedduetoAMT)suchassetting-up,productionscheduling,inspectionanddataprocessing.Thesesupportactivitiesassisttheefficientmanufactureofawiderangeofproductsandarenot,ingeneral,affectedbychangesinproductionvolume.Theytendtovaryinthelongtermaccordingtotherangeandcomplexityoftheproductsmanufacturedratherthanthevolumeofoutput.

  Thewidertherangeandthemorecomplextheproducts,themoresupportserviceswillberequired.Consider,forexample,factoryXwhichproduces10,000unitsofoneproduct,theAlpha,andfactoryYwhichproduces1000unitseachoftenslightlydifferentversionsoftheAlpha.SupportactivitycostsinthefactoryYarelikelytobealothigherthaninfactoryXbutthefactoriesproduceanidenticalnumberofunits.Forexample,factorXwillonlyneedtoset-uponcewhereasFactoryYwillhavetoset-uptheproductionrunatleasttentimesforthetendifferentproducts.FactoryYwillthereforeincurmoreset-upcostsforthesamevolumeofproduction.

  Traditionalcostingsystems,whichassumethatallproductsconsumeallresourcesinproportiontotheirproductionvolumes,tendtoallocatetoogreataproportionofoverheadstohighvolumeproducts(whichcauserelativelylittlediversityandhenceusefewersupportservices)andtoosmallaproportionofoverheadstolowvolumeproducts(whichcausegreaterdiversityandthereforeusemoresupportservices).Activitybasedcosting(ABC)attemptstoovercomethisproblem.

  1.2DefinitionofABC

  

Activitybasecosting(ABC)involvestheidentificationofthefactorswhichcausethecostsofanorganization’smajoractivities.Supportoverheadsarechargedtoproductsonthebasisoftheirusageofthefactorcausingtheoverheads.

  Themajorideasbehindactivitybasedcostingareasfollows.

  (a)Activitiescausecosts.Activitiesincludeordering,materialshandling,machining,assembly,productionschedulinganddispatching.

  (b)Producingproductscreatesdemandfortheactivities.

  (c)Costsareassignedtoaproductonthebasisoftheproduct'sconsumptionoftheactivities.

  1.3OutlineanABCsystem

  AnABCsystemoperatesasfollows.

  Step1Identifyanorganization’smajoractivities.

  Step2Identifythefactorswhichdeterminethesizeofthecostsofanactivity/causethecostsofanactivity.Theseareknownascostdrivers.

Acostdriverisafactorwhichcausesachangeinthecostofanactivity.

  Lookatthefollowingexamples.

Costs

Possiblecostdriver

Orderingcosts

Numberoforders

Materialshandingcosts

Numberofproductionruns

Productionschedulingcosts

Numberofproductionruns

Dispatchingcosts

Numberofdispatches

  Step3Collectthecostsassociatedwitheachcostdriverintowhatareknownascostpools.

  Step4Chargecoststoproductsonthebasisoftheirusageoftheactivity.Aproduct'susageofanactivityismeasuredbythenumberoftheactivity'scostdriveritgenerates.

  

  2AbsorptioncostingversusABC

  Thefollowingexampleillustratesthepointthattraditionalcostaccountingtechniquesresultinamisleadingandinequitabledivisionofcostsbetweenlow-volumeandhigh-volumeproducts,andthatABCcanprovideamoremeaningfulallocationofcosts.

  2.1Example:

Activitybasedcosting

  SupposethatCooplanmanufacturesfourproducts,W,X,YandZ.Outputandcostdatafortheperiodjust

  Endedareasfollows.

           Numberof

           Production

           runsinthe  Materialcost  Directlabour    Machine

    Outputunits  period    perunit   hoursperunit   hoursperunit

                    $

  W    10      2      20        1          1

  X    10      2      8O        3          3

  Y    100     5      20        1          1

  Z    100     5      80        3          3

             14

  Directlabourcostperhour                        $5

  Overheadcosts                              $

  Shortrunvariablecosts                         3,080

  Set-upcosts                              10,920

  Expeditingandschedulingcosts                     9,100

  Materialshandlingcosts                         7,700

                                       30,800

  Required

  PrepareunitcostsforeachproductusingconventionalcostingandABC.

  [答疑编号810110101]

  Solution

  Usingaconventionalabsorptioncostingapproachandanabsorptionrateforoverheadsbasedoneitherdirectlabourhoursormachinehours,theproductcostswouldbeasfollows.

            W     X     Y    Z    Total

            $     $     $    $     $

  Directmaterial   200    800   2,000   8,000

  Directlabour    50     150    500   1,500

  Overheads*     700    2,100  7,000   21,000

            950   3,050   9.500   30,500   44,000

  Unitsproduced   10     10    100   100

  Costperunit    $95    $305    $95   $305

  *$30,800÷440hours=$70perdirectlabourormachinehour.

  Usingactivitybasedcostingandassumingthatthenumberofproductionrunsisthecostdriverforset-upcosts,expediting([5ekspidait]v加速,派出)andschedulingcostsandmaterialshandlingcostsandthatmachinehoursarethecostdriversforshort-runvariablecosts,unitcostswouldbeasfollows.

                     W     X   Y     Z    Total

                     $     $   $     $     $

  Directmaterial           200    800  2,000   8,000

  Directlabour            50    150   500   1,500

  Short-runvariableoverheads(W1) 70    210   700   2,100

  Set-upcosts(W2)         1,560  1,560  3,900   3,900

  Expediting,schedulingcosts(W3) 1,300  1,300  3,250   3,250

  Materialshandlingcosts(W4)   1,1O0 1,1O0 2,750   2,750

                     4,280  5,120  13,100  21,500  44,0O0

  Unitsproduced            10    10   100    100

  Costperunit            $428  $512  $131    $215

  Workings

  1.$3,080÷440machinehours=$7permachinehour

  2.$10,920÷14productionruns=$780perrun

  3.$9,100÷14productionruns=$650perrun

  4.$7,700÷14productionruns=$550perrun

  Summary

        Conventionalcosting  ABC    Differenceper  Differencein

  Product    unitcost     unitcost    unit       total

            $        $        $         $

  W         95       428      +333       +3,330

  X         305       512      +207       +2,070

  Y         95       131      +36        +3,600

  Z         305       215      -90        -9,000

  Thefiguressuggestthatthetraditionalvolume-basedabsorptioncostingsystemisflawed.

  A.Itunder-allocatesoverheadscoststolow-volumeproducts(here,WandX)andover-allocatesoverheadstohigher-volumeproducts(hereZinparticular).

  B.Itunder-allocatesoverheadscoststosmaller-sizedproducts(hereWandYwithjustonehourofworkneededperunit)andover-allocatesoverheadstolargerproducts(hereXandparticularlyZ).

  2.2ABCversustraditionalcostingmethods

  BothtraditionalabsorptioncostingandABCsystemsadoptthetwostageallocationprocess.

  2.2.1Allocationofoverheads

  ABCestablishesseparatecostpoolsforsupportactivitiessuchasdespatching.Asthecostsoftheseactivitiesareassigneddirectlytoproductsthroughcostdriverrates,reapportionmentofservicedepartmentcostsisavoided.

  2.2.2Absorptionofoverheads

  Theprincipaldifferencebetweenthetwosystemsisthewayinwhichoverheadsareabsorbedintoproducts.

  (a)Absorptioncostingmostcommonlyusestwoabsorptionbases(labourhoursand/ormachinehours)tochargeoverheadstoproducts.

  (b)ABCusesmanycostdriversasabsorptionbases(e.g.numberofordersordespatches).AbsorptionratesunderABCshouldthereforebemorecloselylinkedtothecausesofoverheadcosts.

  2.3Costdrivers

  TheprincipalideaofABCistofocusattentiononwhatcausescoststoincrease,isthecos

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 工程科技 > 能源化工

copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有

经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1