上海交通大学考博英语试题回忆.docx

上海交通大学考博英语试题回忆.docx

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上海交通大学考博英语试题回忆

上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆

阅读理解PassageOne

Rentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.IntheUnitedStates，rentcontrolsdatebacktoatleastWorldWarII.

　　In1943thefederalgovernmentimposedrentcontrolstohelpsolvetheproblemofhousingshortagesduringwartime.Thefederalprogramendedafterthewar，butinsomelocations，includingNewYorkCity，controlscontinued.UnderNewYork'scontrols，alandlordgenerallycannotraiserentsonapartmentsaslongasthetenantscontinuetorenewtheirleases.InplacessuchasSantaMonica，California，rentcontrolsaremorerecent.Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970's，which，combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth，pushedhousingprices，aswellasrents，torecordlevels.In1979SantaMonica'smunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwo-thirdsasmuchasanyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.

　　Inanyhousingmarket，rentalpricesperformthreefunctions：

（1）promotingtheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstructionofnewhousing，

（2）allocatingexistingscarcehousingamongcompetingclaimants，and（3）rationinguseofexistinghousingbypotentialrenters.

　　Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability—rents.Considersomeexamples.InarecentyearinDallas，Texas，witha16percentrentalvacancyratebutnorentcontrollaws，11,000newhousingunitswerebuilt.Inthesameyear，inSanFrancisco，California，only2,000unitswerebuilt.Themajordifference?

SanFranciscohasonlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.InNewYorkCity，exceptforgovernment-subsidizedconstruction，theonlyrentalunitsbeingbuiltareluxuryunits，whichareexemptfromcontrols.InSantaMonica，California，newapartmentsarenotbeingconstructed.Newofficerentalspaceandcommercialdevelopmentsare，however.Theyareexemptfromrentcontrols.

　　1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

　　（A）TheconstructionofapartmentsintheUnitedStates.

　　（B）Causesandeffectsofrentcontrol

　　（C）Thefluctuationsofrentalprices

（D）TheshortageofaffordablehousingintheUnitedStates.

2.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTareasonfortheintroductionofrentcontrolsinSantaMonica，California?

（A）rapidpopulationgrowth

（B）inflation

（C）economicconditionsduringwartime

（D）record-highhousingprices

3.Itcanbeinferredthatthepurposeofrentcontrolisto

（A）protecttenants

（B）promoteconstruction

（C）increasevacancyrates

（D）decreasesalesofrentalunits

10.Theword"stringent"inline23isclosestinmeaningto

（A）straightforward

（B）strict

（C）expanded

（D）efficient

　　11.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingisNOTexemptfromrentcontrol?

　　（A）Luxuryapartments

　　（B）Commercialdevelopment

　　（C）Moderatelypricedapartments

（D）Officespace.

PassageTwo

TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonmostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning，humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable，andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned，butthestories，latercalledmyths，persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.

Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic，dance，masks，andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused，Furthermore，asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesandwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate，acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium."Inaddition，therewereperformers，and，sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites，religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes，theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople，animals，orsupernaturalbeings，andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle，thecomingrain，therevivaloftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.

Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisviestales（aboutthehunt，war，orotherfeats）aregraduallyelaborated，atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation，action，anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.

题目回忆：

1.文章讲述了几种戏剧来源

2.宗教典礼和戏剧区别是什么

PassageThree

Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunits（stateandstatisticscomefromthesameLatinroot，status）andagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring，statistics，isrepresentedbycounting，measuring，describing，tabulating，ordering，andthetakingofcensuses-allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemoderninferentialstatistics，whichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.\;

　　Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating，depicting，anddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitative，suchasmeasuresofheight，intelligence，orgradelevel-variablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuum-orthedatamanyrepresentqualitativevariables，suchassex，collegemajor，orpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreducingtocomprehensiblyformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.\;

　　Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexample，aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfast，havebeenvaccinatedforflu，orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatistics，thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficiencytoquestioneachchild；theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thus，thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.

　　1.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"mother"and"father"inthefirstparagraph?

　　（A）Topointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics

　　（B）Tointroduceinferentialstatistic

　　（C）Toexplainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables

　（D）Topresentthebackgroundofstatisticsinahumorousandunderstandableway

　　2.Accordingtothepassage，whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleofapopulation?

　　（A）Tocomparedifferentgroups

　　（B）Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation

　　（C）Todetectdifferencesnotobservableinthewholepopulation

（D）Tocompilemoreaccuratedata

　　3.Accordingtothepassage，whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleofapopulation?

　　（A）Tocomparedifferentgroups

　　（B）Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation

　　（C）Todetectdifferencesnotobservableinthewholepopulation

（D）Tocompilemoreaccuratedata

PassageFour

Manyofthemostdamagingandlife-threateningtypesofweather-torrentialrains，severethunderstorm，andtornadoes-beginquickly，strikesuddenly，anddissipaterapidly，devastatingsmallregionswhileleavingneighboringareasuntouched.Onesuchevent，atornado，struckthenortheasternsectionofEdmonton，Alberta，inJuly1987.Totaldamagesfromthetornadoexceeded'250million，thehighesteverforanyCanadianstorm.Conventionalcomputermodelsoftheatmospherehavelimitedvalueinpredictingshort-livedlocalstormsliketheEdmontontornado，becausetheavailableweatherdataaregenerallynotdetailedenoughtoallowcomputerstodiscernthesubtleatmosphericchangesthatprecedethesestorms.Inmostnations，forexample，weather-balloonobservationsaretakenjustonceeverytwelvehoursatlocationstypicallyseparatedbyhundredsofmiles.Withsuchlimiteddata，conventionalforecastingmodelsdoamuchbetterjobpredictinggeneralweatherconditionsoverlargeregionsthantheydoforecastingspecificlocalevents.

Untilrecently，theobservation-intensiveapproachneededforaccurate，veryshort-rangeforecasts，or"Nowcast"，wasnotfeasible.Thecostofequippingthousandsofconventionalweatherstationswasprohibitivelyhigh，andthedifficultiesinvolvedinrapidlycollectingandprocessingtherawweatherdatafromsuchanetworkwereinsurmountable.Fortunately，scientificandtechnologicaladvanceshaveovercomemostoftheseproblems.Radarsystems，automatedweatherinstruments，andsatellitesareallcapableofmakingdetailed，nearlycontinuousobservationsoverlargeregionsatarelativelylowcost.Communic