培根与兰姆随笔集的对比研究.docx

培根与兰姆随笔集的对比研究.docx

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培根与兰姆随笔集的对比研究

题目：

AnAnalysisoftheDifferencesbetweenBacon’sandLamb’sEssays.

培根和兰姆随笔集的不同

Abstract：

IntheperiodofRenaissance,FrancisBacontransplantedthenewformcalled“essay”intoEnglish.HeinfusedhisownfeaturesintoDeMontaigne’sessaysandcreated“formalessay”whichreflectedthecharacteristicsofthatageandadvocatedthespiritofreason.Bacon’sessayscasttheearlysystemofthisform.Bythe19thcentury,somepeoplelikeAddisonbroughttheessayintothedailylife,andonthebaseofthiskindofessay,CharlesLambbrokeupthegapbetween“reality”and“fiction”andmade“informal”essayclosertocommonpeople.SoBaconandLamb’sessaysaretherepresentativesofthetwodifferentstyles.ThispaperpresentsananalyticalcomparisonofBaconandLamb’sessaystogetthedifferencesbetweentherationalessayinperiodofRenaissanceandtheessaythatemphasizedindividualismandemotioninRomanticperiod,ortheseriousformalessaysandflexibleinformalessays.Inordertoconvincereaders,theauthorwillselectsomesuitableexamplesfromBacon’sEssaysandLamb’stheEssaysofElia.

Thispaperwillbepresentedinfourparts.Thefirstpartisanintroductionwhichcomprehensivelystatestheformofessay,thepurposeofthispaperandsomeotherstudiesaboutthisinChinaandforeigncountries.ThesecondpartgenerallyintroducesBacon,Lambandtheiressays.Thethirdpartisthecoreofthispaper.ItwillspecificallyanalyzebackgroundsandcomparedifferencesbetweenBaconandLamb’sessaysincontent,writingstyleandlanguage.TheconclusionofthispapersummarizestheanalysisonEssaysandtheEssaysofElia,explainsthesignificanceofmakingthisthesisanddiscussestheinfluencethesetwoessayistshavemadeonlatergeneration.

Thispaperishopedtobeagoodtooltopeoplewholoveessays.

Keywords:

Bacon;Lamb;essay;feature;differences

摘要：

文艺复兴时期，培根将散文这种新的文学形式移植到了英国。

在蒙田散文的基础之上融入自己的特点，创造了正式散文，反映了时代的特色，弘扬了理性的精神，形成了这一文体的基本范式。

到了19世纪，艾迪生等人将散文带入了日常生活中，而兰姆在此基础之上更是打破了实际与虚拟的界限，将散文更加生活化，让非正式散文更受人喜爱。

因此，培根和兰姆的随笔分别是两种不同风格散文的代表。

本文旨在通过对比培根和兰姆的随笔，得出文艺复兴时期的理性散文和浪漫主义时期强调个性和情感表达的散文的不同以及严谨的正式散文和随意的非正式散文之间的不同。

为了使论文更有说服力，本文作者随将从培根的随笔集和兰姆的伊利亚随笔选中选出恰当例子进行比较。

本文共分为四部分，第一部分将总体介绍散文这种形式、本文写作目的以及国内外现有研究。

第二部分大致介绍一下培根和兰姆的随笔集。

本文的核心部分为第三部分，具体介绍背景信息并对二人的随笔从内容、写作方式和语言三方面进行分析与比较。

最后，本文将在结论中总结所进行的比较、阐述本文写作意义以及培根和兰姆这两为散文大家对后人的影响。

希望通过本文，给广大散文爱好者带来帮助。

关键词：

培根；兰姆；散文；特点；不同

Contents

Abstract：

I

摘要：

II

1Introduction1

2Bacon,Lambandtheiressays2

2.1Baconandhisessays2

2.2CharlesLambandhisessays2

3AcomparisonoftheessaysofBaconandLamb.3

3.1Backgrounds3

3.2Thedifferencesbetweentwopersons’essays.4

3.2.1Differentkindsofcontentintheiressays.4

3.2.2Differentwritingstyleintheiressays.6

3.2.3Differentwritinglanguagesintheiressays.11

4Conclusion12

References15

AnAnalysisoftheDifferencesbetweenBacon’sandLamb’sEssays.

1Introduction

Inthelate16thcentury,essayappearedwhentheFrenchwriterMicheldeMontaignepublishedthreevolumesofhisproseworkswhichwascalledEssays.Thisworkproclaimedthebirthofanewliteraryform.TheEncyclopediaBritannicadefines“essay”asfollow:

“Ananalytic,interpretative,orcriticalliterarycompositionusuallymuchshorterandlesssystematicandformalthanadissertationorthesisandusuallydealingwithitssubjectfromalimitedandoftenpersonalpointofview”（YuQu,2001:

P269）.

Inthiskindofdefinitions,“essay”isdefinedloosely,itcanbeshowedinlotsofwayslikebeinghumorous,satiric,objectiveorargumentativeandsoforth.TheessaywrittenbyMontaigneisanintimateandsubjectivewaywhichisoftencalled“personalorfamiliaressay”.Thepersonalessayisofteninhumoroustoneanddealtwithpersonalexperiences,problemsandprejudices.Afterbeingcreated,thiskindofessaybecamewidelyaccepted,andmanyEnglishessayistsfollowedthisstyle.ThemainrepresentativesofthepersonalessaywereWilliamHazlitt,ThomasDeQuincy（1618-1667）,CharlesLamb（1775-1834）andLeighHunt（1850-1894）.Besidesthiskindofessay,FrancisBaconwhowasthefirstpersonthattransplantedessayintoEnglishleadedanotherstylewhichwascalled“informalessay”.Thisstylealsocreatedsignificantvalueinliteraryhistory.

Inothercountriesnow,thestudiesonBacon’sorLamb’sessayshaveformedasystemthatisrepresentedbyWilliamHazlitt’sreports.InChina,therepresentativesfromLiangYuChun,ZhuGuangQianandothershavealsogottheirownarea.Mostofthesepeoplehavemadetheinterpretation,studyorcommentsonBacon’sorLamb’sessaysfromdifferentangles.Generallyspeaking,mostofthesewoksfocusonfeaturesorrhythmsofBacon’sorLamb’sessays,forexampleShuiTianTong’sinterpretationandHuangChunYan’sstudyonwritingfeaturesofLamb’sessay.Exceptfortheseworks,onlyfewstudiescompareBacon’sandLamb’sessaystofindthedifferencesbetweenthesetwopeople’sessay.SothepresentpaperwillmakeasystematicstudyonthefeatureofBacon’sandLamb’sessaysthroughthecomparisonoftheirworks.

2Bacon,Lambandtheiressays

2.1Baconandhisessays

Baconwasbornin1561withanoblebirth.Asagreatphilosopher,hewasalsothefirstBritishessayist.HepassedthroughmostofupsanddownsofhislifeinElizabeth’scourt.“BaconbelongswithSidneyandRaleighinthatgroupofElizabethanswhoaimedtobemenofaffairs,politicians,reformers,explorers,ratherthanwritersproseorpoetry”（WuWeiRen,1988:

121）.

SothethemesandwritingstyleofhisworksareveryseriousandrigorouswhichistotallydifferentwiththeworksofLamb,andhisworksfallintothreetypes:

thephilosophical,theliterary,andtheprofessionalworks.HisbestknownphilosophicalworksaretheAdvancementofLearning（1605）,theNovumOrganum（1620）,andtheDeAugments（1623）.HislargestandmostimportantprofessionalworksarethetreatisesentitledMaximsoftheLawandReadingontheStatuteofUses.AmongBacon’sliteraryworks,theEssaysdeeplyimpressedreaders.Hepublishedtenofthosein1597,reissuedandextendedthemin1612andagainin1625.Theseessaysdealwithdifferentkindsofsubjectstoshowreadersdeepphilosophicalideas,sometalkaboutgeneraltopicslikeOfTruth,OfDeath;someonindividualbehaviorslikeOfRevenge,OfFriendship;somefocusonproblemsinthecourtlikehisOftheTrueGreatnessandofKingdomsandEstates.ByEssays,Baconbecamealeaderofessayistsandhiswisdominliteraturewasknownbypeople.

2.2CharlesLambandhisessays

CharlesLambwasborninLondonin1775.Hisfatherwasaclerkandlawyerandalsowrotepoemssometimes.AlthoughLambcouldn'tspeakfluentlyasanormalchildwhenhewasyoung,hedidverywellinclassicandpoetry.Hedreamedtobeawriter,butfinallyhefollowedhisfatherandbecameaclerkintheEastIndiaHouse,whereheworkedform1792to1825.In1796,becauseofpsychosis,hissisterkilledhismother.ThiswasaheavyblowtoLamb’slaterlife.AlthoughLamb’slifewasfilledwithlotsofunfortunatethingsandhedidnotgethighpositioningovernmentlikeBacon,becauseofthis,hegotrichexperienceandknewmoreaboutthecommonpeople.Thesubjectshisessaysmainlydescribedarehisownexperiencesandpeople’sdailylifeinLondon.SohisessaysdiffergreatlyfromBacon’s.Fortunately,inhisforties,Lamb’sessaybecameacceptedandlovedbypeople,especiallytheEssaysofEliawhichwaswrittenbyhissisterandhimself.TheEssaysofEliapublishedinaseparatevolumein1823andtenyearslaterthesecondserieswaspublished.Besideshisthemesinhisessays,Lamb’swritingstylewasalsoveryspecial.Heoftenusedhumoroustonewithsomecriticismandsatire,allofthismadehisessaysappearedverygentleandattractive.SotheEssaysofEliawasstillstudiedandimitatedbylateressayists.

3AcomparisonoftheessaysofBaconandLamb.

3.1Backgrounds

FrancisBacon,philosopher,essayist,lawyerandpolitician,isarepresentativeoftheEnglishRenaissance.Intheperiodofrenaissance,thedevelopmentofartyandliteraturesteppedintoitspeak.Baconearnedhisgreatreputationinthefieldofphilosophy.Theeffectofhisfamilyandrevivalofclassical（GreekandRoman）artsonhimdecidedhiswritingcontent,styleandlanguage.

Bacongrewupintheenvironmentofpoliticswithanoblebirth,hisfatherandhehadbeengotapositionincourtandgotElizabeth’sattentionever.Sobeingasuccessfulpoliticianwashisgoalwhichdecidedhisseriousstylebothinlifeandwritings.InhisEssays,mostofsubjectshediscussedarebigandgravetopicliketruth,death,orgovernmentalsystem,etc.Inadditiontotheeffectofrevivalofclassical（GreekandRoman）artsinRenaissanceandhisacceptanceofgoodeducationinschoolandhismotherwhohadtherichknowledgeofLatinandGreek,hisstructurewererangedinalogicwayandmostofquotationswerefromRomanandGreekstoriesorauthors.Toreaders,Bacon’sEssaysisseemedratheranoldmasterthanabook.

However,nomatterinlifeorwritingstyle,LambistotallydifferentwithBacon.

Intheromanticperiod,theIndustrialRevolutionandFrenchRevolutionbecamethemostimportantanddecisivefactorinthedevelopmentofEnglishliterature.AndthesetworevolutionhadsuchastronginfluenceonsomewritersincludedLamb.ThedoctrineoftheFrenchRevolutionwas“liberty,equalityandfraternity”whichpromotedtheliberationofindividualismandtheexpressionofemotion.SoLamb’sEssaysofEliamainlyfocusonhisownexperiencesandthingsindailylife.

Besidesthis,Lamb’sunfortunateexperiencesarealsothekeytoformhiswritingstyle.Whenhewasyou