第3部分 概括大意与完成句子.docx
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第3部分概括大意与完成句子
第三部分概括大意与完成句子
第一篇MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing
1Althoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.
2InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSandiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup19or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanightPeoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.2
3Thesefindings,whichDr.DanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine3,demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetaside4morethan8hoursanight.Headdedthat“itmightbeagoodidea”forpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.
4Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.
5Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004adultstosleepquestionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblemsSleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep,andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning5.
6Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hoursInaninterview,KripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbedAsevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed“Itstandstoreason6thatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake,”hesaid.
词汇:
refresh/r?
’fre?
/v.(使)精力恢复
questionnaire/,kwest?
?
’ne?
(r)/n.问卷
psychosomatic/,sa?
k?
?
s?
’m?
t?
k/adj.(指疾病)由精神压力引起的
fatigue/f?
’ti:
g/n.疲劳
caution/’k?
:
?
?
n/v.警告
insomnia/?
n’s?
mn?
?
/n.失眠
habitually/h?
’b?
tj?
?
l?
-t?
?
-/adv.习惯地
注释:
1.clockup:
时间达到
2.theyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers:
falling和feeling都是说明trouble的。
全句可译为:
与8小时睡眠者相比,他们在入睡和经过一夜睡眠恢复精力方面有更多的麻烦。
3.PsychosomaticMedicine:
《心身医学》(医学杂志名)
4.setaside:
留出
5.havingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning:
感到疲乏影响日常工作。
6.standtoreason:
是当然的,是合情合理的
练习:
1.Paragraph2ESleepProblemofLongandShortSleepers
2.Paragraph4BDangersofHabitualShortagesofSleep
3.Paragraph5AKripke’sResearchTool
4.Paragraph6DAWayofOvercomingInsomnia
AKripke’sResearchTool
BDangersofHabitualShortagesofSleep
CCriticismonKripke’sReport
DAWayofOvercomingInsomnia
ESleepProblemofLongandShortSleepers
FClassificationofSleepProblems
5.Togetagoodnight’srest,peoplemaynotneedtoFsleepmorethan8hours.
6.LongsleepersarereportedtobemorelikelytoEsuffersleepproblems.
7.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight,unabletoAfallasleepagain.
8.OnesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabituallyCsleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdying.
Afallasleepagain
Bbecomemoreenergeticthefollowingday
Csleeplessthan7hours
Dconfirmthoseseriousconsequences
Esuffersleepproblems
Fsleepmorethan8hours
答案与题解:
1.E第二段列举了睡眠时间多于或少于8小时而带来的多种sleepproblems。
2.B第四段阐述了长期睡眠不足所带来的严重后果。
3.A第五段介绍了Kripke的调查工具(tool)。
他用的是有关睡眠的问卷。
问卷包括两大内容:
睡眠时间及睡眠困扰问题。
4.D第六段最后两句是:
“...onewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.”和“Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake.”这是选择D的依据。
5.F选择F的依据是第三段第一句。
原文是:
“...peoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.”
6.E选择E的依据是第六段第一句。
原文是:
“...peoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.”
7.A本题答案的依据是第五段第二句:
“Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep...”
8.C本题答案的依据是第四段:
“...onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.”
译文:
每晚只需8小时,睡眠过多非益事
睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知,而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会使人们产生不良后果。
圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面,每晚睡眠9或10小时的人比睡8小时的人存在更多问题。
而每晚仅睡7小时的人则表示,他们在入睡及休息后精力恢复程度上不及8小时睡眠者。
DanielKripke博士在《心身医学》杂志上报告的这些新发现表明,人们如果想晚上休息好,每天留给睡眠的时间只需8小时。
他补充说,对于那些每晚睡8小时以上的人们来说,考虑减少在床上度过的时间“也许是个好主意”。
不过他又提醒说这还需要进一步的研究证实。
以往的研究证明了长期睡眠缺乏的潜在危机。
有报告显示,睡眠经常少于7小时的人比睡眠充足者,在特定时期内死亡的机率更高。
而在目前这份报告中,Kripke考评了一份1004名成年人参与反馈的睡眠调查问卷。
问卷内容涉及每周睡眠时间和各种可能的睡眠问题,包括半夜惊觉,清晨早醒,无法重新入睡,以及白天疲劳,影响日常工作等。
Kripke发现每晚9至10小时睡眠者比睡8小时的人更容易出现各类睡眠问题。
在次访谈中,Kripke注意到睡眠时间长的人夜间可能难以入眠,正是因为他们睡得太多了。
因此他补充说,治疗失眠最好的一种方法就是少睡点儿。
“在床上花得时间过长,醒着的时间就会更多,这是理所当然的。
”
第二篇SootandSnow:
aHotCombination
1NewresearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootalterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulation,blacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury.
2SootinthehigherlatitudesoftheEarth,whereiceismorecommon,absorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicy,whitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbon,orsoot,absorbssunlight,whilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight.
3Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Also,ifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmelting,thewarmingeffectincreases,asthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.“Thisprovidesapositivefeedback,asglaciersandicesheetsmelt,theytendtogetevendirtier,saidDr.JamesHansen,aresearcheratNASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies,NewYork.
4Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo(solarenergyreflectedbacktospace),which1maybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemisphere,suchasthinningArcticseaice,meltingglaciersandpermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheatmosphereabovetheoceansandland.
5“Blackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospace,thusheatingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbon2,”Hansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffectiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.“Thisforcingisunusuallyeffective,causingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude,Hansennoted.
6Hansencautioned,althoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantial,itdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.3Suchgasesareexpectedtobethelargestclimateforcingfortherest4ofthiscentury.
7TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHemispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswereconsistentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsimulations,whichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcover5andsufficientsunlight.
词汇:
soot/s?
t/n.煤烟,煤灰
emission/?
’m?
?
?
n/n.释放,散发,排放
simulation/,s?
mj?
’le?
?
?
n/n.模拟
latitude/’l?
t?
tju:
d/n.纬度
glacier/’gl?
s?
?
(r)/n.冰川,冰河
albedo/?
l’bi:
d?
?
/n.反照率
permafrost/’p?
:
m?
fr?
st/n.永冻层
forcing/’f?
:
s?
?
/n.温室作用
dioxide/da?
’?
ka?
d/n.二氧化物
magnitude/’m?
gn?
tju:
d/n.量,大小
注释:
1.which指代albedo。
2.thusheatingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbon:
相当于thusheatingthesnowsurfacemorethan(heatingthesnowsurface)iftherewerenoblackcarbon。
3....thefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury:
“thatgreenhousegases...duringthepastcentury”是同位语从句,表达fact的内容。
4.therest:
剩余部分
5.snowcover:
雪的覆盖层
练习:
1.Paragraph3___C____
2.Paragraph4___A___
3.Paragraph6___F___
4.Paragraph7___B___
ASoot’sRoleinChangesintheClimateandtheAtmosphere
BObservationsofWarmingintheNorthernHemisphere
CExplanationofIncreasedWarmingEffectCausedbySoot
DEfforttoReduceSnowAlbedo
EWaystoReduceSootEmission
FGreenhouseGasesastheMainFactorofGlobalWarming
5.Inthetwentiethcentury,soot___B___.
6.Hansencautionedthatgreenhousegases___E___.
7.Blacksootcoveredsnowandice___D___.
8.Asootforcingisunusuallyeffective,which_A__.
Aproducesmuchmoreglobalwarmingthanacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude
Bcontinuedto25percentofobservedglobalwarming
Ccanproducegreenhousegases
Dabsorbmoreofsun’senergyandwarmththanwhitebackground
Estillsurpasssootinwarmingtheworld’sclimateduringthelastcentry
FcanbeseenmostlyintheNorthernHemisphere
答案与题解:
1.C第三段解释了为什么soot会增加地球升温效应。
2.A第四段介绍了soot在两方面起的作用:
(1)soot增加了雪吸收太阳能量和热量的能力;
(2)soot导致海洋和陆地上空的大气层发生变化。
3.F第六段的关键句子是:
“...greenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.”
4.B第七段介绍了在研究北半球的纬度、雪覆盖面和日照诸因素与气温升高之间的关系方面取得的成果。
5.B选择B的依据是第一段。
有关的句子是:
“...blacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury.”选项B中用了过去式contributed,也是选B的一个线索,因为第五题的题干中有inthetwentiethcentury,这个时间状语要求谓语动词用过去式,而4个选项中只有B项的动词用的是过去式。
6.EHansencautioned和greenhousegases仅出现在第六段。
该段的大意是:
虽然煤烟在改变全球气候方面所起的作用相当显著,但是上个世纪气温上升的主要因素还是温室气体。
选项E概括了第六段的意思。
7.D本题答案的依据是第二段第一句。
8.A本题答案的依据是第五