初中英语语法全解句子种类.docx
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初中英语语法全解句子种类
初中英语语法全解——句子种类
一、陈述句
陈述句用来陈述件事或表达种看法，有肯定形式和否定形式，般用降调来朗读，句末用句号。
①陈述句的肯定形式
陈述句的肯定形式主要由主语和谓语两部分构成。
I always exercise.
②陈述句的否定形式
1.如果句子的谓语含有 be动词（am、is、are、was、were）、助动词（ will、shall、would、should、have、has had）或情态动词（ can、may、must等） ,其否定形式是在它们之后加not构成。
It isn't raining.
Most of the stores do not open until 10 a. m.
2.如果句子的谓语是实义动词,其否定形式是由“do/does/ did+not+动词原形”构成。
On my next day off,I don't want to go for a drive.
I don't feel like going out today.
He doesn't seem to have manyfriends.
重点拓展
否定词no、never、hardly、seldom、little、few等也可以构成陈述句的否定形式。
I'll never forget you.
3.肯定句变为否定句时应注意的事项
（1）含有some .something、somebody的肯定句变为否定句时，应把这些词分别改为any、anything anybody。
He has some knives.→ He doesn't have any knives.=He has no knives.
（2）含有always的肯定句变为否定句时，必须把always换成never。
Healwayscomeslate.→Henevercomeslate.
（3）含有both.all.everything.everyone（everybody）的肯定句变为否定句时，必须把这些词分别改为neither.none.nothing.noone（nobody）。
Allofusareinterestedincollectingstamps.→Noneofusisinterestedincollectingstamps.
Everybodycouldunderstandhim.→Nobodycouldunderstandhim.
重点拓展
含有not的句子，如果使用了all、both、every及every-的复合词等，则表示部分否定。
Bothofusarenotteachers.
（4）当陈述句是“Ithink（认为）/believe（相信）..+宾语从句”时，若是否定宾语从句,习惯上要将否定前移到主句的谓语动词think/believe等前。
即“Idon'tthink/believe...+宾语从句”
Hedidn'tthinkanyonewouldbelievehim.
巧学妙记
肯定句变否定句口诀
否定构成not少不了，放在be和have后;情态动词not直加后;
行为动词借助词,do.doesdid少不了;not就在其后加，莫忘动词还原了。
二、疑问句
疑问句是用来提出问题的句子,句末用问号。
它包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
（一）一般疑问句
用yes或no回答的疑问句称为一般疑问句，一一般用升调朗读。
1.句式构成
（1）如果句子的谓语含有be动词（am, is, are，was，were）、助动词（will，shall，would，should,have,has，had）或情态动词（ can,may,must等）,其一般疑问句是它们放到句首。
Will you send this letter for me, please?
（2）如果句子的谓语是实义动词,其一般疑问句是在句首加助动词do,does,did ,然后在主语之后加动词原形。
Do you have a fever?
2.回答
（1）一般疑问句通常用yes 或no来回答。
---Does he have a toothache?
---Yes,he does./ No, he doesn't.
（2）一般疑问句也可以用certainly、sure、of course、probably、perhaps、all right 、with pleasure等代替yes;用never、not at all、I'm sorry等代替no。
---Could I go out for dinner with my friends?
---Sure,that's should be OK.
重点拓展
以be动词、助动词、情态动词加not构成的缩写形式开头的一般疑问句叫否定疑问句,这种疑问句往往带有赞叹、惊奇、责怪等语气。
否定疑问句的答语yes的含义为“不”;no的含义为“是”。
这与汉语有差别。
当然,yes后仍用肯定结构;no后仍用否定结构。
---Isn't he at home?
---Yes,heis.
---Haven't you seen the film before?
---No,I haven't.
巧学妙记
变一般疑问句的口诀
疑问变化并不难;
have和be提句首;
情态动词照样行;
其他助词来开头;
do,does ,did加原形。
（二）特殊疑问句
用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。
也就是对句子的某部分进行提问而构成的疑问句。
一般用降调朗读。
1.常见疑问词的用法
疑问词包括疑问代词who、whom、whose、what、which和疑问副词how, when ，where ,why等。
（1）who用于询问“谁”，对表示人的主语、宾语和代岩提问;whom用于询问“谁”，只用于对宾语提问;
whose用于询问“谁的”，对物主代词或名词所有格提问。
---Who's she?
---She's my sister.
---Whose volleyball is this?
---It must be Carla's.
（2）what单独使用，用于询问“是什么、做什么、什么事”;也可以询问职业、身份、相貌、性格特征、目的、大气、日期等;还可以放在名词之前，用于询问颜色、班级、尺码时间星期等。
” 朗儿
---What's this?
---I's a watch.
（2）which意为“哪一个”，用于对名词的定语提问,常与名词或代词one（s）连用。
Which book are you looking for?
（3）where意为“哪儿”，用于询问地点。
---Where did you go on vacation?
---I went to New York City.
（4）when意为“何时”，用于询问时间，相当于what time.
---When does Scott go to work?
---He always goes to work at eleven o'clock.
（6）why意为“为什么”,用于询问原因。
---Why do you like science?
---Because it's interesting.
（7）how意为“怎么样”，用于询问方式、程度、健康、天气等。
---How have you changed since you started juniorhigh school?
---I've become much better at speaking English.
（8）how old意为“几岁”,用于询问年龄。
---How old are you?
---I'm thirteen.
（9）howmany意为“多少”，用于询问可数名词的数量，后接可数名词的复数形式。
---How many bananas do we need?
---We need three bananas.
（10）how much意为“多少”，用于询问不可数名词的数量，后接不可数名词；也可以询问价格。
---Howmuchyogurtdoweneed?
----One cup.
---How much are these socks?
---They're two dollars.
（11）how long意为“多久”，用于询问持续性的时间段。
---How long have you had that bike over there?
---I've had it for three years.
---How long have you had that bike over there?
---I've had it for three years.
（12）how often意为“多久一次”,用于询问频率。
---How often do you go to the movies?
---I go to the movies maybe once a month.
（13）how soon意为“多久”,用于询问将来的一段时间。
---How soon will your boss come back?
---In two hours.
（14）howlong（wide all/high, deep, far）用于询问长、宽、高、深、远等。
---How far is it from your home to school?
---It's about two kilometers.
高频考点
1.特殊疑问句Whatabout/How about+名词/代词/动名词+...？
意为“......怎么样?
”，用于表示建议、邀请或征求对方意见等。
WhataboutatriptoFrance?
2.特殊疑问句Why not+动词原形..意为“为什么不.....”，也用于建议邀请或征求对方意见等。
---Why not ask the teacher?
---Good idea.
3.回答
特殊疑问句不能用yes或no来回答。
回答时,可以用一个词或短语来简答，也可以用一个完整的句子来回答。
---How many eggs do we need?
---Two.。
---What do you plan to watch tonight?
---I plan to watch Days of Our Past.
（三）选择疑问句
选择疑问句是说话者对问题提出两种或两种以上的答案，供对方选择其一。
选择疑问句的前半部分用升调，后半部分用降调。
供选择的部分用or连接。
1.句式构成选择疑问句有两种形式:
（1）一般疑问句+or+被选择的部分?
---Is he tall or short?
---He's tall.
---Do they have straight or curly hair?
---They have curly hair.
（2）特殊疑问句,A or B?
---Whose book is this,Mike's or Kate's?
---It'sMike's.
---Which do you prefer，tea or coffee?
---I prefer tea.
2.回答
选择疑问句的回答不能用yes或no,而应选择其中的一个被选择的部分来回答。
有时也可以用both或either来简答。
---Can you sing or dance?
---Ican sing.
---Which do you like better, cats or dogs?
---I likecats better.
（四）反意疑问句
反意疑问句是指问话人对自己的看法、观点不完全肯定,需要别人来加以证实。
它由陈述句与一个简短的一般疑问句构成，中间用逗号隔开。
1.句式构成
反意疑问句的句式结构有两种形式:
（1）肯定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问句
（2）否定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问句
附加疑问句的主语与陈述句中的主语是相同的，但要注意的是附加疑问句的主语应该用人称代词。
---You used to be short,didn't you?
---Yes,I did./No,I didn't.
---Jim isn't from England,is he?
---No,he isn't.
当陈述句的谓语含有be动词（is,was,are,were）、助动词（will,shall,would,should,have,has,had）或情态动词（can,may,must）时，附加疑问句就用相应的be动词、助动词或情态动词来构成。
若要构成否定的附加疑问句就在它们之后加not，并且一定要用缩写形式。
---You're Ben's sister, aren't you?
---Yes,I am.
---They will go to Paris, won't they?
---Yes,they will.
当陈述句谓语动词为实义动词时，附加疑问句应用助动词do、does、did来构成。
若要构成否定的附加疑问句就用don't 、doesn't、didn't。
---The No. 15 bus stops here ,doesn't it?
---Yes,it does.
---Kate didn't come to school yesterday，did she?
---No, she didn't.
2.回答
（1）反意疑问句的回答需用 yes或no来回答。
它的回答与一般疑问句的回答方式完全一 致。
必须记住在简略回答中，yes后跟肯定,no后跟否定。
---Tom goes to school by bus every day, doesn't he?
---Yes, he does.
---They are drivers, aren't they?
---No, they aren't.
（2）对于陈述可是否定，附加疑问句是肯定的反意疑问句的回答，要根据事实而定:
若事实是肯定的，就用yes回答;若事实是否定的，就用no回答。
这时反意疑向句的回答需用，yes或no来回答。
它口高品假使同句的同务方式完生发
---They are drivers, aren'tthey?
---No,they aren't.
（3）对于陈述句是否定，附加疑问句是肯定的反意疑问句的回答，要根据事实而定:
若事实是肯定的，就用yes回答;若事实是否定的，就用no回答。
这时要特别注意yes和no的汉语意思。
---She isn't watching TV at the moment, is she?
---Yes,she is.
---He can't speak Chinese ，can he?
---No,he can't.
3.特殊句式的反意疑问句
（1）当陈述句为I'm..结构时，附加疑问部分-般要用aren't I。
I amright, , aren't I?
（2）当陈述句的主语为this、that时，附加疑问句的主语应用it。
This is our classroom,isn't it?
（3）当陈述句的主语为these、those时，附加疑问句的主语应用they。
Those aren't your pens,are they?
（8）Theseareyourbook,aren’tthey?
（4）当陈述句是here be结构，附加疑问句中仍然要用there。
There's a train every twenty minutes,isn't there?
There will be a meeting tomorrow,won't there?
（5）当陈述句的主语是表示人的不定代词someone、somebody、everyone、everybody、nobody 等时，附加疑问句的主语应用they或he。
Everybody agreed, didn't they?
Someone is waiting for you, isn't he?
（6）当陈述句的主语是指物的不定代词something、everything、nothing等时,附加疑问句的主语应用it。
Everything here is dirty,isn't it?
Nothing is important,is it?
（7）当陈述句是不定代词 one作主语时，附加疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one.在非正式场合也可用you。
One muststudy hard,mustn't one/mustn't you?
当陈述句的主语为each of..结构时，表示“个别的，各个”之意时，其附加疑问句的主语用he;表示“全体”时，则附加疑问句的主语可以用they、we、you.
Each of them speaks a foreign language ,doesn't he?
Each of us passed the exam，didn't we?
（9）动词不定式或动名词作主语时，附加疑问句的主语用it。
Learning English well takes a long time,doesn't it?
（10）当陈述句带有no、never、nothing、nobody、noone、nowhere、few、little、seldom、hardly等表示否定意义的词时，附加疑问句用肯定形式。
There is no milk in the bottle，is there?
You have never been to London, have you?
Few people were late for work yesterday ，were they?
（11）当陈述句带有由表示否定意义的前缀或后缀构成的词（如unhappy,，impolite等）时，附加疑向句一般用否定形式。
The girl wasunhappy,wasn't she?
（12）当陈述句是祈使句时.附加疑问部分的变化有三种情况:
①以行为动词开头的祈使句，附加疑问句一般用will you或won't you。
Open the doorwill you won't you?
Come here early next time，will you?
②否定祈使句的附加疑问句只能用willyou。
Don't make any noise , will you?
Don't shout at your brother，will you?
③以let's开头的祈使句，后面的附加疑问句要用shallwe;而以letus或letme开头的祈使句，附加疑问句仍用will you。
Let's go swimming tomorrow,shall we?
Let us go home,will you?
（13）当陈述旬为复合句时附加疑问句一般要根据主句的主谓形式来确定。
They said Kate wouldcome to my birthday party,didn't they?
He said his motherhad been to Paris,didn't he?
但当陈述句的主句是I/We think ,I/We believe,I/We suppose等结构时，附加疑问句中主、谓语一般要与陈述句部分宾语从句的主、谓语保持一致,并且要特别注意否定的转移。
I don't think he is good at swimming,is he?
I don't believe she will be back in two day,willshe?
（14）当陈述句含有have to（不得不）时，其附加疑问句应用do .does或did来构成。
She has to stay at home to take care of her mother,doesn't she?
They had to struggle with all kinds of difficulties,didn't they?
（15）当陈述句含有had better“最好....”时，其附加疑问句应用had来构成。
You’dbetternottellheraboutit,hadyou?
（16）当陈述句含有ought to（应该）时，其附加疑句应用ought或should来构成。
You ought to help her,oughtn't/shouldn'tyou?
（17）当陈述句含有情态动词used to时，其附加疑问句应用used或did来构成。
He used to be a history teacher,usedn't/didn't he?
Your father used to drink a lot,didn't/usedn't he?
（18）当陈述句含有情态动词must时，其附加疑问句的构成有以下几种情况:
①表示“必须”之意时，附加疑问句用needn't。
You must give me an explicit answer，needn't you?
②表示推测意为“一定、想必”时,附加疑问句应根据must后的动词来确定。
He must be ill,isn'the?
He must have received my letter now,hasn't he!
Youmust know her address , don't you?
三、祈使句
表示命令、请求、建议、劝告、警告或禁止等的句子是祈使句。
祈使句的主语是第二人称，常省略。
谓语动词用原形，句末用句号或感叹号,用降调朗读。
Co and wash your hands.
Be kind to our sister.
（一）肯定祈使句
1.句型:
动词原形+其他。
Do your homework first ,Tom.
Listen to the teacher carefully in class.
注意
（1）有时为了表示委婉的语气，可以在句首或句尾加上please。
please 加在句尾时，要用逗号与前面的句子隔开。
Write your name on this line ,please.
以Let us开头的祈使句，其反意疑问句的反意疑问部分用will you。
（2）有时为了加强语气可在祈使句的肯定形式中加do。
Do come ,please.
（3）有时为了指明向谁提出请求或发出命令时，
升级会员 