跨文化交际复习重点.docx
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跨文化交际复习重点
《跨文化交际基础》
Chapte1IntroductiontoInterculturalcommunication
Ⅰ.Defininginterculturalcommunication
Interculturalcommunication(ICC)isthetermfirstusedbyEdwardT.Hallin1959andissimplydefinedasinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofdifferentcultures.
Interculturalcommunicationcanincludeinternational,intcrethnic,interracial,andinterregionalcommunication.
Interculturalcommunicationasaphenomenonhasthefollowingfeatures:
Firstofall,itisauniversalphenomenon.
Secondly,thecommunicationbetweencultureshasbeengoingonforthousandsofyears.
Thirdly,interculturalcommunicationisacommondailyoccurrence.
II.TheRapidIncreaseofInterculturalCommunication
Fromaninterculturalperspective,therearefourcrucialdevelopmentsfortherapidincreaseofinterculturalcommunication:
1.Improvementsintransportationtechnology
2.Developmentsincommunicationtechnology
3.Changesinmassmigrationpatterns
4.Globalizationoftheworldeconomy
III.TheDevelopmentofInterculturalCommunicationStudy
1.ThedevelopmentofInterculturalcommunicationstudyintheU.S.
It'seasytounderstandwhythefieldofICChascontinuedtoprosperintheUnitedStatesconsideringthefollowingreasons:
●Thecountryisalandofimmigrantsfrommanydiversecultures;
●Therearcthousandsofnewimmigrantsenteringthecountryeveryyear;
●TheU.S.haslargenumbersofforeignstudenLsandtourists;and
●TheAmericaninvolvementintheglobaleconomy
2.InterculturalcommunicationstudiesinChina
Theconceptualareascoveredinthoseresearchesweremainlyconcernedwith:
1)Verbalcommunication(therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:
vocabulary,syntax,pragmaticrules,discoursepatternandtranslation);
2)Non-verbalcommunication;
3)ComparativestudyofcustomsandbehaviorpatternsinChinaandothercountries;
4)Culturaldifferencesinbusinessmanagement;and
5)TraditionalChinesevalueorientationsandtheirimpactonmodernization,etc.
IV.TheComplexityinLearningInterculturalCommunication
1.Themultidisciplinarynatureandelementsofinterculturalcommunicationstudy
JamesAlutissummarizedthemultidisciplinarynatureofICCas"LAPSE":
L-Linguisticsandlanguage
A-Anthropology
P-PsycholinguisticsandPsychology
S-SociolinguisticsandSociology
E-EducationandEnglish
Inadditiontotheabovenameddisciplines,ICCisalsorelatedtoseveralotherdisciplines,suchas
C-Communicationstudies
C-Culturalstudies,etc.
ElementsofICCStudy
Condon(1974)highlightedthreeareasasmostproblematicininterculturalexchange:
languagebarrier,differentvaluesanddifferentculturalpatternsofbehavior.Morespecifically.Bell(1992)identifiedthefollowingbarrierstocommunication;
Physical—time,environment.comfortandneeds,andphysicalmedium;
Cultural—ethnic,religious,andsocialdifferences;
Perceptual—viewingwhatissaidfromyourownmindset;
Motivational—thelistener'smentalinertia;
Experiential—lackofsimilarlifehappenings;
Emotional—personalfeelingsofthelistener;
Linguistic—differentlanguagesspokenbythespeakerandlisteneroruseofavocabularybeyondthecomprehensionofthelistener;
Nonverbal—nonwordmessages;and
Competition—thelistener'sabilitytodootherthingsratherthanhearthecommunication
2.Potentialproblemsinlearninginterculturalcommunication
Communicationbarriersareobstaclestoeffectivecommunication.
Bamasuggeststhattherearesixmain"stumblingblocks"whichoftencausedifficultiesininterculturalcommunication;
1)Peopletendtoassumethattherearemoreculturalsimilaritiesbetweenthemselvesandpeopleofotherculturesthanthereactuallyarc,andthiscanleadtomisunderstanding.
2)Languagedifferences,obviously,areoftenasourceofmisunderstanding.
3)Peopleofdifferentculturesoftenmisinterpreteachother'snon-veibalcommunication.
4)Peopleoftenhavestereotypesandpreconceptionsabout"foreigners"thatleadtomisunderstanding.
5)Peopleoftenevaluatewhat"foreigners"doandsaybeforereallyunderstandingwhattheymean.
6)Whenpeopleinteractwithforeigners,theyoftenhavefeelingsofanxietyorstress,andthiscanleadthemtojumptoinaccurateconclusions.(Onesourceofthisstressissometimes"culturalshock.")
Specifically,it'sgenerallyagreedthaithepotentialproblemsininterculturalcommunicationarcmainlythefollowing:
AvoidanceoftheunfamiliarUncertainlyreductionWithdrawalStereotypingPrejudiceRacismMisuseofpowerCultureshockEthnocentrism
Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.
peoplenormallygothroughfourstages(theU-Curve):
honeymoonphase,cultureshockphase,recoveryphaseandadjustmentphase.
Chapter2BasicCommunicationTheories
I.CommunicationDefined
wecanseethatthebasicassumptionis;Communicationisaformofhumanbehaviorderivedfromaneedtoconnectandinteractwithotherhumanbeings.Therefore,communicationcansimplyrefertotheactandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople.
thedefinitionadvancedbySamovarandPorter(1997)ispreferredhere:
"Communicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidueofbehavior."
II.NeedsandFunctionsofCommunication
1.Maslow'shierarehyofneeds
Onemuch-usedversionofneedsisthatofAbrahamMaslow',inwhichhedescribespeopleasbeingdrivenbysetsofneedsinahierarehy,fromthemostbasicatthebottomtothemostrefinedatthepeakofatriangle.
Basicneedsareaboutfood,shelterandsex.Justabovethatcometheneedsofsafety—havingaroofoverone'sheadandknowingthatonebelongstosomegrouplikefamily.Thentherearethesocialneedsforthingslikeloveandfriendship,whichurgeusintorelationships.Thesearefollowedbyegoandesteemneeds,whichareaboutusasindividualswantingself-respect,recognition,evenpower.Finally,atthetopofthetrianglecomesthemostsophisticatedneed—forself-actualization.Thisisaboutself-fulfillment,aboutfindingandbeingoneself.
2.Functionsofcommunication
●Practicalfunction.
●Socialfunction.
●Decisionmakingfunction
●Personalgrowthfunction
III.TheClassificationofCommunication
Fromtheabovediscussionwecanseethatcommunicationoccurswhen—
●thereareatleasttwoormorepeople.
●thereissomecontactbetweencommunication.
●thereisalanguagesharedbycommunicators.
●thereisanexchangeofinfommlionthathastakenplace.
IV.TheProcessofCommunication
1.Componentsofcommunication
SamovarandPorter(1997)furtherdefinecommunicationas"adynamictransactionalbehavior-affectingprocessinwhichpeoplebehaveintentionallytoinduceorelicitaparticularresponsefromanotherperson"
Somepeoplesayeightspecificcomponentsaddingencodinganddecoding.
●sender/behaviorsource
●encoding
●message
●medium/channel
●decoding
●recipient(receiver)/responder
●noise
●feedback
2.Modelsofcommunication
Althoughtherearcmanymodelstodescribetheactofcommunication.threearcusedheretoillustratetheprocess;thelinear,thecircular,andthecontextualizedmodels.
V.TheCharacteristicsofCommunication
Theseeightingredientsofcommunicationmakeuponlyapartiallistofthefactorsthatfunctionduringacommunicationevent.
●CommunicationisDynamic.
●CommunicationisIrreversible.
●CommunicationisSymbolic.
●CommunicationisSystemic.
●CommunicationisSelf-reflective.
●CommunicationisInteractive.
●CommunicationisComplex.
●CommunicationisLearned.
VI.TheChallengeofEffectiveCommunicationinInterpersonalEncounters
Efficientcommunicationsbetweenpeopleofthesameculturalbackgroundareextremelyimportant,letaloneinterculturalcommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.
Chapter3TheNatureofCulture
Ⅰ.DefinitionsofCulture
●AccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis"theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively".Itreferstointellectualperspective,suchasmusic,artexhibition,dance,etc.WhenyoutalkaboutPicasso.Beethovenetc.,youaretalkingaboutculture;
●Samovar&Porter(1996)definecultureas"thedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving."(p.36)Wefindthisdefinitionmoresuitedtoourpurposeofstudyinginterculturalcommunication.Simplyput,cultureisasystemofmeaning.
●Butthemostwidelyacccpteddefinitionis:
"Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatarcshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople."(Hall.1983,p.230)
●Morerecently,GaryP.Fcrraro(1998,TheCulturalDimensionofInternationalBusiness,NewYork:
Prcnticc-Hall,Inc.)offersabrieferdefinition;"Cultureiseverythingthatpeoplehave,think,anddoasmembersoftheirsociety,"(p.16)
II.BasicFunctionsandSourceofCulture
DressierandCams(1969)offertthefollowingasthefunctionsofculture:
1.Cultureenablesustocommunicatewithothersthroughalanguagethatwehavelearnedandthatweshareincommon.
2.Culturemakesitpossibletoanticipatehowothersinoursocietyarelikelytorespondtoouractions.
3.Culturegivesusstandardsfordistinguishingbetweenwhatisconsideredrightorwrong,beautifulandugly,