考研数学二向量doc.docx
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考研数学二向量doc
考研数学二-向量
（总分：
100.00，做题时间：
90分钟）
一、SectionⅠUseofEng（总题数：
1，分数：
10.00）
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.
（1）thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly
（2）toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat（3）bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa（n）（4）innotbeingtoobright.
Intelligence,it（5）,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow（6）thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a（n）（7）process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey'veapparentlylearnediswhento（8）.
Isthereanadaptivevalueto（9）intelligence?
That'sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance（10）atallthespecieswe'veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal（11）ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis（12）themindofeveryanimalwe'veevermet.
Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould（13）onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,（14）,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat（15）animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto（16）thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally（17）,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.（18）,theywouldhopetostudya（n）（19）question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
（20）theresultsareinconclusive.
（分数：
10.00）
（1）.A.SupposeB.ConsiderC.ObserveD.Imagine（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（2）.A.tendedB.fearedC.happenedD.threatened（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（3）.A.thinnerB.stablerC.lighterD.dimmer（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（4）.A.tendencyB.advantageC.inclinationD.priority（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（5）.A.insistsonB.sumsupC.turnsoutD.putsforward（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（6）.A.offB.behindC.overD.along（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（7）.A.incredibleB.spontaneousC.inevitableD.gradual（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（8）.A.fightB.doubtC.stopD.think（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（9）.A.invisibleB.limitedC.indefiniteD.different（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（10）.A.upwardB.forwardC.afterwardD.backward（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（11）.A.featuresB.influencesC.resultsD.costs（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（12）.A.outsideB.onC.byD.across（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（13）.A.deliverB.carryC.performD.apply（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（14）.A.bychanceB.incontrastC.asusualD.forinstance（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（15）.A.ifB.unlessC.asD.lest（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（16）.A.moderateB.overcomeC.determineD.reach（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（17）.A.atB.forC.afterD.with（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（18）.A.AboveallB.AfterallC.HoweverD.Otherwise（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（19）.A.fundamentalB.comprehensiveC.equivalentD.hostile（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（20）.A.ByaccidentB.IntimeC.SofarD.Betterstill（分数：
0.50）
A.
B.
C.
D.
二、SectionⅡReadingCo（总题数：
0，分数：
0.00）
三、PartA（总题数：
0，分数：
0.00）
四、Text1（总题数：
1，分数：
10.00）
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehavior,infact,thatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:
ifit'shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluence,imaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.Andyet,saysDr.NoraVolkow,directorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction,"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood."
That'sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience--thatis,specialrelevance.Threats,forexample,arehighlysalient,whichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugs,ourmemorysystems,rewardcircuits,decision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin--salienceinoverdrive--tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction,"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctions,everyonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol."
Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviors,fromgamblingtoshoppingtosex,maystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow'sresearchgroup,forexample,hasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli--includingthemouth,lipsandtongue.Forthem,activatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddiction,though.
Ofcourse,noteveryonebecomesanaddict.That'sbecausewehaveother,moreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.Paulus,forexample,lookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital'sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenough,brainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortex,whererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It'simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers--aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.Tohissurprise,Paulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetime,hecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans.
Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain'srewardsystem,poweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.ThehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectOfthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignal,youcanloosenthedrug'shold.
（分数：
10.00）
（1）.AccordingtoDr.NoraVolkow,theuseofdrugs
[A]isaveryharmfulbehaviorthatevolutionfailedtogetridof.
[B]makesithardforpeopletodrivesafelyunderitsinfluence.
[C]hastodowithpeople'sdesiretoachievepleasantfeelings.
[D]isunderstandablebehaviorbecauseitdatesbacklongago.（分数：
2.00）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（2）.Accordingtothetext,anyonemaybeaddictedtodrugsifthey
[A]arebornwithapredispositiontoaddiction.
[B]usecertainchemicalslongandfrequentlyenough.
[C]havesufficientdrugsoralcoholtouse.
[D]createanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving.（分数：
2.00）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（3）.Compulsiveeatersaretypicalexampleof
[A]pleasureturningintohabitsandfinallyaddiction.
[B]obesepeoplewithbrainhyperactivity.
[C]thosewhocan'tcontroltheirmouth,lipsandtongue.
[D]thosewhomightalsobeaddictedtogambling.（分数：
2.00）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（4）.Pauluscouldaccuratelypredicttherelapsersbecause
[A]thepartoftheirbraincontrollingcognitiveskillsislessactive.
[B]afour-weekintensiverehabilitationprogramisnoteffectiveenough.
[C]hehasthedevicessophisticatedenoughtoscananybraindamage.
[D]somethinginnatetotheirbrainspromptthemtousedrugs.（分数：
2.00）
A.
B.
C.
D.
（5）.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatwemaycureaddictionby
[A]scanningofbrainasoftenaspossible.
[B]consciouslypracticingcognitiveskills.
[C]goingthroughintensiverehabilitationprograms.
[D]makingtheneurotransmitterlesssensitive.（分数：
2.00）
A.
B.
C.
D.
五、Text2（总题数：
1，分数：
10.00）
MichaelPorter,whohasmadehisnamethroughoutthebusinesscommunitybyadvocatinghistheoriesofcompetitiveadvantages,isnowswimmingintoevenmoreshark-infestedwaters,arguingthatcompetitioncansaveevenAmerica'stroubledhealth-caresystem,thelargestintheworld.Mr.Porterarguesin"RedefiningHealthCare"thatcompetition,ifproperlyapplied,canalsofixwhatailsthissector.
Thatisaboldclaim,giventhehorriblestateofAmerica'shealth-caresystem.Justconsiderafewofitsfailings:
Americapaysmorepercapitaforhealthcarethanmostcountries,butitstillhassome45mcitizenswithnohealthinsuranceatall.Whileafewreceiveoutstandingtreatment,heshowsinheart-wrenchingdetailthatmostdonot.Thesystem,wasteshugeresourcesonpaperwork,ignorespreventivecareand,aboveall,hasperverseincentivesthatencourageshiftingcostsratherthancuttingthemoutright.Heconcludesthatitis"onadangerouspath,withatoxiccombinationofhighcosts,unevenquality,frequenterrorsandlimitedaccesstocare."
Manyobserverswouldagreewiththisdiagnosis,butmanywouldundoubtedlydisagreewiththisadvocacyofmoremarketforces.Doctorshaveanintuitivedistrustofcompetition,whichtheyoftenequatewithgreed,whilemanypublic-policythinkersarguethattheonlywaytofixAmerica'sproblem
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