考研数学二向量doc.docx

1、考研数学二向量doc考研数学二-向量(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. (1) the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit f

2、ly (2) to live shorter lives. This suggests that (3) bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) (4) in not being too bright.Intelligence, it (5) , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow (6) the starting line because it depends on learning a(n) (7) process instead of in

3、stinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to (8) .Is there an adaptive value to (9) intelligence? Thats the question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance (10) at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,

4、 it implicitly asks what the real (11) of our own intelligence might be. This is (12) the mind of every animal weve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would (13) on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, (14) , is running a small-s

5、cale study in operant conditioning. We believe that (15) animals ran the labs, they would test us to (16) the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really (17) , not merely how much of it there is. (18) , they woul

6、d hope to study a(n) (19) question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? (20) the results are inconclusive.（分数：10.00）(1).A. Suppose B. Consider C. Observe D. Imagine（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. tended B. feared C. happened D. threatened（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. thinner B. stabler C. lighter

7、 D. dimmer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. tendency B. advantage C. inclination D. priority（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. insists on B. sums up C. turns out D. puts forward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. off B. behind C. over D. along（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. incredible B. spontaneous C. inevitable D. gradual（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D

8、.(8).A. fight B. doubt C. stop D. think（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. invisible B. limited C. indefinite D. different（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. upward B. forward C. afterward D. backward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. features B. influences C. results D. costs（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. outside B. on C. by D. across（分

9、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. deliver B. carry C. perform D. apply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. by chance B. in contrast C. as usual D. for instance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. if B. unless C. as D. lest（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. moderate B. overcome C. determine D. reach（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. at B. for C. after D.

10、 with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. Above all B. After all C. However D. Otherwise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. fundamental B. comprehensive C. equivalent D. hostile（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. By accident B. In time C. So far D. Better still（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.0

11、0)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Addiction is such a harmful behavior, in fact, that evolution should have long ago weeded it out of the population: if its hard to drive safely under the influence, imagine trying to run from a saber-toothed tiger or catch a squirrel for lunch. And yet, says Dr. Nora Volkow

12、, director of NIDA and a pioneer in the use of imaging to understand addiction, the use of drugs has been recorded since the beginning of civilization. Humans in my view will always want to experiment with things to make them feel good. Thats because drugs of abuse co-opt the very brain functions th

13、at allowed our distant ancestors to survive in a hostile world. Our minds are programmed to pay extra attention to what neurologists call salience-that is, special relevance. Threats, for example, are highly salient, which is why we instinctively try to get away from them. But so are food and sex be

14、cause they help the individual and the species survive. Drugs of abuse capitalize on this ready-made programming. When exposed to drugs, our memory systems, reward circuits, decision-making skills and conditioning kick in-salience in overdrive-to create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable cra

15、ving. Some people have a genetic predisposition to addiction, says Volkow. But because it involves these basic brain functions, everyone will become an addict if sufficiently exposed to drugs or alcohol. That can go for nonchemical addictions as well. Behaviors, from gambling to shopping to sex, may

16、 start out as habits but slide into addictions. Sometimes there might be a behavior-specific root of the problem. Volkows research group, for example, has shown that pathologically obese people who are compulsive eaters exhibit hyperactivity in the areas of the brain that process food stimuli-includ

17、ing the mouth, lips and tongue. For them, activating these regions is like opening the floodgates to the pleasure center. Almost anything deeply enjoyable can turn into an addiction, though.Of course, not everyone becomes an addict. Thats because we have other, more analytical regions that can evalu

18、ate consequences and override mere pleasure seeking. Brain imaging is showing exactly how that happens. Paulus, for example, looked at drug addicts enrolled in a VA hospitals intensive four-week rehabilitation program. Those who were more likely to relapse in the first year after completing the prog

19、ram were also less able to complete tasks involving cognitive skills and less able to adjust to new rules quickly. This suggested that those patients might also be less adept at using analytical areas of the brain while performing decision-making tasks. Sure enough, brain scans showed that there wer

20、e reduced levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex, where rational thought can override impulsive behavior. Its impossible to say if the drugs might have damaged these abilities in the relapsers-an effect rather than a cause of the chemical abuse-but the fact that the cognitive deficit existed

21、in only some of the drug users suggests that there was something innate that was unique to them. To his surprise, Paulus found that 80% to 90% of the time, he could accurately predict who would relapse within a year simply by examining the scans.Another area of focus for researchers involves the bra

22、ins reward system, powered largely by the neurotransmitter dopamine. Investigators are looking specifically at the family of dopamine receptors that populate nerve cells and bind to the compound. The hope is that if you can reduce the effect Of the brain chemical that carries the pleasurable signal,

23、 you can loosen the drugs hold.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Dr. Nora Volkow, the use of drugsA is a very harmful behavior that evolution failed to get rid of.B makes it hard for people to drive safely under its influence.C has to do with peoples desire to achieve pleasant feelings.D is understandable

24、behavior because it dates back long ago.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, anyone may be addicted to drugs if theyA are born with a predisposition to addiction.B use certain chemicals long and frequently enough.C have sufficient drugs or alcohol to use.D create an all consuming pattern of u

25、ncontrollable craving.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Compulsive eaters are typical example ofA pleasure turning into habits and finally addiction.B obese people with brain hyperactivity.C those who cant control their mouth, lips and tongue.D those who might also be addicted to gambling.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Pa

26、ulus could accurately predict the relapsers becauseA the part of their brain controlling cognitive skills is less active.B a four-week intensive rehabilitation program is not effective enough.C he has the devices sophisticated enough to scan any brain damage.D something innate to their brains prompt

27、 them to use drugs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can infer from the passage that we may cure addiction byA scanning of brain as often as possible.B consciously practicing cognitive skills.C going through intensive rehabilitation programs.D making the neurotransmitter less sensitive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text

28、 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Michael Porter, who has made his name throughout the business community by advocating his theories of competitive advantages, is now swimming into even more shark-infested waters, arguing that competition can save even Americas troubled health-care system, the largest in the world.

29、 Mr. Porter argues in Redefining Health Care that competition, if properly applied, can also fix what ails this sector.That is a bold claim, given the horrible state of Americas health-care system. Just consider a few of its failings: America pays more per capita for health care than most countries,

30、 but it still has some 45m citizens with no health insurance at all. While a few receive outstanding treatment, he shows in heart-wrenching detail that most do not. The system, wastes huge resources on paperwork, ignores preventive care and, above all, has perverse incentives that encourage shifting

31、 costs rather than cutting them outright. He concludes that it is on a dangerous path, with a toxic combination of high costs, uneven quality, frequent errors and limited access to care. Many observers would agree with this diagnosis, but many would undoubtedly disagree with this advocacy of more market forces. Doctors have an intuitive distrust of competition, which they often equate with greed, while many public-policy thinkers argue that the only way to fix Americas problem