Ivy reading test4.docx

Ivy reading test4.docx

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Ivyreadingtest4

IV4-1

1 Inparagraph1,theauthordescribesthestudyofthecellas

a.acombinationofcontributionsfromseparatescientists

b.tdirectresultofthediscoveryofbacteria

c.themostimportantscientificfieldinmoderntimes

d.anattempttocurediseasescausedbybacteria

2Thewordundetectedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

a.unable

b.untouched

c.unseen

d.unlocked

3Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

（Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation）

a.1595wasthefirsttimethatamicroscopehadbeenusedtotrytounderstandcells.

b.Thecreationofthefirstmultiple-lensmicroscopewasamajoreventinthehistoryofcellularresearch.

c.Compoundmicroscopesarethosethatcontainmorethanonelensinordertoobtaingreatermagnificationabilities.

d.Scientistsin1595wereabletomakeuseofaveryimportantnewtool–thecompoundmicroscope.

4Thewordsliversinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

a.slices

b.slots

c.branches

d.slides

DiscoveringtheCell

1.Sincetheearliestdaysofscientificstudy,peoplehavebeentryingtounderstandhowlifeformsandfunctions.Overhundredsofyears,thecollectiveworkofresearchersrevealedthatalllivingorganismsarecomposedofunitscalledcells.Thoughtheymaycarryoutdifferentfunctionsandbedifferentsizes,thefundamentalstructureandpurposeofallcellsareessentiallythesame.Theyregulatethegrowthandphysicalcharacteristicsofeverytypeoforganism,fromsingle-celledbacteriatohumans,whosebodiescontaintrillionsofcells.Theknowledgeofcellsthatscientistsenjoytodayistheresultofanaccumulationofmanyindividualdiscoveriesandachievements.

2.Cellswentundetectedforcenturiesforoneverysimplereason:

theyaresosmallthattheycannotbeperceivedbythenakedeye.Someearlyphilosophersdidsuggesttheexistenceofsomekindofbasic“buildingblock”commontoalllivingthings,butnoneofthemhadthemeanstoscientificallyprovetheirtheories.Thus,oneveryimportantoccurrenceinthehistoryoftheunderstandingofthecelltookplacein1595withtheinventionofthefirstcompoundmicroscope–thatis,thefirstmicroscopetomakeuseofmorethanonelensinitsmagnificationprocess.Earlymodelswereofcourseverylimited,buttheyofferedamoredetailedinspectionofspecimensthanhadpreviouslybeenpossible.

3.ItwassuchadevicethatallowedEnglishscientistRobertHookein1663tobecomethefirstknownhumantoobserveacell.Hecutsomethinsliversofcork,whichisatissuemadeofdeadplantmatter,andviewedthemunderthemicroscope.■Whathesawwasanetworkofmillionsoftinychamberspackedtightlytogether.■Thesewereinfactthewallsofdeadcells,sincecorkcomesfromdeadplantmaterial.■Hookedecidedtocallthese

5Theworditinthepassagerefersto

a.discovery

b.advancement

c.microscope

d.research

6Inparagraph4,theauthorintroducestheCellTheoryby

a.comparingthecareersoftwodifferentscientists

b.describingtheevolutionofthemicroscopeinthe1800s

c.identifyingthedifferencesbetweenitandearliertheories

d.discussingthediscoveriesthatimmediatelyprecededit

7Thewordformulatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

a.copied

b.developed

c.denied

d.believed

8Accordingtothepassage,thepersonwhofirstdeterminedwhatliesatthecenterofaplant’scellwas

a.MatthiasSchleiden

b.RobertHooke

c.RobertBrown

d.TheodorSchwann

chambers“cells”becausetheyremindedhimofthesmallmonasterycellsthatmonkslivedin.■

4.FormorethanccenturyafterHooke’sdiscovery,alackofadvancementinmicroscopedesignsmadeitimpossibleformorein-depthresearchonthecelltobeconducted.Inthe1800s,however,itbeganagainataremarkablepace.Duringtheearlyagainataremarkablepace.Duringtheearlypartofthecentury,manythinkersstartedtoproposethatcellswerethemostfundamentalpartofalllivingorganisms.Livingplantcells,asopposedtothoseofHooke’scorksamples,werefoundtocontainavarietyofsmallerelementssurroundedbyaliquidmixturetermed“cytoplasm.”In1833,thenaturalistRobertBrowndiscoveredthenucleus,orcentralstructure,ofplantcells.Then,in1839,throughacombinationofcollaborationandindependentresearch,GermanscientistsMatthiasSchleidenandTheodorSchwannconclusivelydeterminedthatcellsarethebasicunitoforganizationinbothplantandanimallife.SchwannsubsequentlyformulatedwhatbecameknownastheCellTheory.

9Accordingtoparagraph6,howdidRudolfVirchowchangetheoriginalCellTheory?

a.Heemphasizedtheimportanceofnonlivingmatter.

b.Hediscoveredthatcellsarecapableofrepairingthemselves.

c.Hetranslatedtheoriginaltheoryintootherlanguages.

d.Heprovidedthecorrectexplanationofhownewcellsarecreated.

10Thewordassertinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

a.admitting

b.wondering

c.declaring

d.returning

11.Whydoestheauthormentionscienceandmedicineinparagraph6?

a.Toshowhowcellularresearchisexpectedtochangeinthefuture

b.Toacknowledgetheroleofearlyphilosophersandscientists

c.Togiveexamplesoffieldsthatbenefitfromcellularresearch

d.TosuggestthatmoreinformationaboutDNAisneeded

5.Essentially,thistheorystatedthat,inadditiontobeingthemostfundamentalunitoflife,cellswerethemselvesalive.Theytookinenergy,regulatedtheirowngrowth,andperformedrepairsonthemselves.TheseideashavebeenprovenandarepartofthemodernversionoftheCellTheory,butwhenitcametocellreproduction,Schwann’sexplanationwasincorrect.Heproposedthatcellsweregeneratedspontaneously,andthattheycouldariseanywhere–evenfromnonlivingmatter.In1855,theGermanresearcherRudolfVirchowcorrectedthismisunderstanding,assertingthatcellsreproducebydividingandthattheycanonlybecreatedbyothercells.Healsoelaboratedontheothercharacteristicsofcellsingreaterdetail,formalizingtheversionoftheCellTheorythathasremainedmostlyunchangedtothisday.

6.Inmoderntimes,thestudyofcellsfocusesonDNA,asubstancethatisusuallyfoundinacell’snucleusanddirectsthegrowthofthatcell.Scientistshavethusdiscoveredwaystomapthegeneticmakeupofplantsandanimals,gainingnewinsightsintothemysteriesoflife.Astimegoeson,therewillsurelybefurtherexcitinginnovationsinscienceandmedicinemadepossiblebythestudyofthecell.Inthisway,theworkbegunsolongagobyearlyphilosophersandscientistswillcontinue.

12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Now,withconcreteevidenceofitsexistence,thestudyofthecellhadbegun.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

13.Direction:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Ittookcenturiesofscientificthoughtandresearchtoachievetheunderstandingofthecellthatissharedbyscientiststoday.

•

•

•

AnswerChoices

a.Withoutaneffectivemicroscopedesign,philosophershadnowayofdeterminingwhethertheirtheoriesaboutcellswerecorrect.

b.Usinganewlyintroducedmicroscopetolookatcorksamples,RobertHookewasableforthefirsttimetoobservethepresenceofcells.

c.Intheearly1800s,cytoplasmandnucleiwerebothdiscoveredtobeimportantcomponentsofplantcells,andthefirstCellTheorywasintroduced.

d.TheoriginalCellTheorywasrevolutionary,butwasincorrectinitsdepictionofhowcellsacquiredandusedenergy.

e.TheCellTheorywassoonrevisedtoincludenewinformationaboutcellularreproductionandbecamethefoundationofmoderncellularstudy.

f.StudiesinvolvingthegeneticstructureofplantsandanimalsseektounderstandthewaysinwhichDNAdirectsthegrowthofcells.

14Thewordexternalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

a.natural

b.independent

c.permanent

d.simple

15.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatispollination?

a.Theabilitytoreproducewithoutanyassistance.

b.Thetransferofpollenfromplantstoinsects

c.Theuseofpollinatingagentsinthereproductiveprocess

d.Themovementofsexcellsfromtheanthertothecarpel

16.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

（Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation）

a.Manypollinatorsareneededtopollinatesingle-cropfields,whichcontainplantsthatcomeintobloomallatonce.

b.Inasingle-cropfield,sometimestherearemoreblossomsthancanbeused,andothertimespollinatorsarewithoutfood.

c.Asingle-cropfieldcannotrelyonnaturalpollinatorsalone,soothermethodsofpollinationmustbeusedtohelpthefieldproduceaharvest.

d.Afterasingle-cropfieldblooms,naturalpollinatorsareunabletofindenoughfoodtosurvive,

PollinationMethods

1.Plantsreproducewhengeneticmaterialfromthemalereproductiveorgan,theanther,istransferredtothefemalereproductiveorgan,thecarpel.Thisprocessiscalledpollination,areferencetothepollen（themalesexcell）thatiscarriedtothecarpel.Someplantsareself-pollinatorsanddonotrequireanyoutsi