考研英语真题与答案完整版.docx

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考研英语真题与答案完整版

2012年考研英语真题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissue

recently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justices

behavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_the

court’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindof

activitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartial

judgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Atthe

veryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherest

ofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_between

thecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrom

politics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_those

inpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedto

setlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamental

social_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,

thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideological

linesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.

Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_

tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrom

politicsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.

1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize

2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless

3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted

5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded

6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone

7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies

8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards

11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though

12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied

15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions

16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls

17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted

18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmeans[B]atollcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalf

forcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusually

leadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,Tina

Rosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecalls

thesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamics

tohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocial

cureinaction:

InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRage

AgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-prevention

initiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueof

thelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:

theyfailtomobilizepeer

pressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingof

psychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!

”pleadsonebillboardcampaign

aimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfitting

in.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefrom

advertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.

JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationof

thesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaring

flawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellfor

verylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.Evidencethatthe

LoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An

emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegative

ones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleform

ofpeerpressure:

weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselect

ourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacher

whobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behaved

classmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcure

engineeredfromtheoutside:

intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingour

ownfriends.

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure

[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress

[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers

[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit

[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

[A]harmful

[B]desirable

[C]profound

[D]questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajor

energysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenit

announceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclear

regulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot

challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofa

desperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunning

move.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’s

onlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstate

approvalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorsto

operatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextension

oftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,the

companywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimply

didn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartial

collapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,

raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–

especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.Enragedby

Entergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowingan

extension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseof

the2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerover

nuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:

whereastheSupremeCourthas

ruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholars

saythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.

Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresult

ifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbe

besidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadyso

damagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshould

beconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11

otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.

PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeep

itopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRC）reviewsthe

company’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingon”（Line3.para.1）isclosestinmeaningto

[A]condemning.

[B]reaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.

[D]securing.

27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireanextensionofi