1、考研英语真题与答案完整版2012年考研英语真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 p
2、oints)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issuerecently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justicesbehave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ thecourts reputation for being independ
3、ent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At thevery least, the court should make i
4、tself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the restof the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_betweenthe court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart frompolitics. They gave justices permanent p
5、ositions _11_they would be free to _12_ thosein power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed toset law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamentalsocial _15_ li
6、ke liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideologicallines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_to the code of condu
7、ct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate frompolitics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize2. Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3. Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated4. Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted5. Aadvanced Bcaught Cbo
8、und Dfounded6. Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7. Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies8. Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle9. Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10. Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards11. Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12. Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13. Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer14. Aguarded
9、Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied15. Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions16. Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols17. Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted18. Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore19. Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable20. Aby all means Batoll costs Cin a word Das a resultSec
10、tion II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing, is what most of us th
11、ink of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usuallyleads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, TinaRosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she callsthe social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power
12、of group dynamicsto help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the socialcure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.
13、In South Africa, an HIV-preventioninitiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique ofthe lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peerpressure for he
14、althy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology.” Dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaignaimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fittingin. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advo
15、cates ought to take a page fromadvertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration ofthe social and biological factors that make peer pre
16、ssure so powerful. The most glaringflaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well forvery long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that theLoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer group
17、s exert enormous influence on our behavior. Anemerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negativeones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle formof peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certai
18、n, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can selectour peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacherwho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behavedclassmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem
19、 with a social cureengineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing ourown friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesi
20、rable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biolo
21、gical factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studies C occurs without our realizing itD
22、 can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a majorenergy supplier in New England, provoked justified
23、outrage in Vermont last week when itannounced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclearregulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would notchallenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of adespe
24、rate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Its a stunningmove.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermontsonly nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving stateapproval for the sale, the company agreed to s
25、eek permission from state regulators tooperate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extensionof the plants license be subject to Vermont legislatures approval. Then, too, thecompany went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it s
26、implydidnt foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partialcollapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys managementespecially after the company made mislea
27、ding statements about the pipe. Enraged byEntergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing anextension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because ofthe 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power overn
28、uclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court hasruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholarssay that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly, there are valid concerns abo
29、ut the patchwork regulations that could resultif every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would bebeside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already sodamaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.
30、 But there shouldbe consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keepit open for another 20 years.
31、 But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews thecompanys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of i
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