ga背景文件.docx

ga背景文件.docx

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ga背景文件

China’smoongoalrightontheschedule

TheLongMarchrocket,carryingtheChang'e-2satellite,blastsofffromXichang,SichuanprovinceonFriday.ThelaunchstartedthesecondphaseofChina'sthree-stepmoonmission,whichwillculminateinasoft-landingonthemoon.

Successfullaunchofprobebringslunarlandingcloser

XICHANG,Sichuan-Chinamovedclosertoitsgoaloflandingonthemoonasitssecondlunarprobe,Chang'e-2,blastedoffsecondsbefore7:

00pmonFridayfromthesouthwesterncityofXichang.

ALongMarch3-Claunchvehicle,withChang'e-2ontop,liftedofffromtheXichangSatelliteLaunchCenterinSichuanprovinceat6:

59:

57pmasplanned.

Thecircumlunarsatelliteseparatedfromtherocketat7:

26pmtoentertheEarth-moontransferorbit.Inlessthanfivedays,itwillentera100-kilometerlunarorbit.

Aboutanhourafterthelaunch,LiShangfu,directoroftheXichanglaunchcenter,declaredthelaunchasuccesstocheersandapplauseinthecommandandcontrolhall.

TheChang'e-2missionisconsidered"astartingpoint"ofthesecondstageofChina'slunarexplorationprogramthatfocusesonlandingonthemoon,aspokespersonforthelunarexplorationprogram,said.

Theprobeplanstotesttechnologyinpreparationforanunmannedmoonlandingin2013.

Developedwithindigenoustechnology,the900-million-yuan（$134million）Chang'e-2missionwilltestkeycomponentsforasoft-landingonthemoon.

Friday'smissionmarkedthefirsttimethataChineselunarprobedirectlyenteredtheEarth-moontransferorbitwithoutorbitingtheearthfirst.

"Itisamajorbreakthroughinrocketdesign,asitsavesenergyusedbythesatelliteandspeedsupthejourneytolunarorbit,"PangZhihao,aresearcherwiththeChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology,wasquotedbytheXinhuaNewsAgencyassaying.

ThecircumlunarsatellitewillbesentdirectlyintotheEarth-moontransferorbitandtravelsome112hoursbeforebeingcapturedbythemoon'sgravityandenteringthe100-kmlunarorbit.

Later-sometimeneartheendofOctober-itwillbemaneuveredtogointoanellipticalorbitwiththeclosestpointonly15kmawayfromthelunarsurface.

Atthatdistance,itwilltakehigh-resolutionphotosofthemoon'sBayofRainbowsarea,theexpectedlandingsiteofChang'e-3.

"OncetheChang'e-2proberelaysbackhigh-resolutionphotosoftheBayofRainbows,takenfromthe15-kmorbit,itsignalsasuccessfulmission,"thespokesmansaid.

Inaddition,itwillalsorefinescientificresearchresultsacquiredinthefirstmissionthroughtheimprovedpayloadonboard.

Whethertheprobecanenterandworkinthe15-kmorbitisregardedasthebiggestchallengefacingthecountry'sgroundtrackingandcontroltechnology.

YuDengyun,deputychiefdesignerofChina'slunarexplorationprogram,saidiftheground-trackingsystemfailstocalculatecorrectly,duringtheprobe'smaneuver,itcouldeitherendinalowerorbitandcrashintothemoon,ortakephotosinahigherorbitwiththequalityofimagessuffering.

Thesecondlunarprobehasadesignedlifespanofsixmonths,butitisexpectedtolastlongerinspace.ThemissionplannershavethreepossiblescenariosforhowChang'e-2willenditsmission.

"Itmightendlikeitspredecessorandcrashintothemoon,flyfurtherintodeeperspace,orcomebacktoEarth,"saidYu.

Thedecisionwillbeuptothe"condition"ofthesatellite,hesaid.

Lunarexplorationisahigh-riskendeavor.Since1958,theUnitedStates,Russia（andpreviouslytheSovietUnion）,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,ChinaandIndiahavesentlunarprobestothemoon.Halfofthe126missionsfailed.

ChinaproveditscapabilitytoexploreouterspacebylaunchingtheChang'e-1orbiterin2007,whichendedits16-monthmissionin2009bycrashingintothelunarsurface.Itplanstosendthreespacecrafttothemooninthesecondstageofitslunarexplorationprogram,includingChang'e-3,whichisslatedtosoft-landonthemooninabout2013,andChang'e-4,whichisabackupforChang'e-3.

TheChang'esatellitesarenamedafteramythicalChinesegoddesswhoflewtothemoon.

Chinaisalsothethirdnation,aftertheUSandRussia,tolaunchpeopleintospaceafterYangLiweiwasputintoorbitaboardthespaceshipShenzhouVonOct15,2003.AnotherthreeastronautsweresentintospaceinShenzhouVIIandcarriedoutthecountry'sfirstspacewalkinSeptember2008.

Chinaisplanningtosendamodule,Tiangong-1,intospacetocarryoutChina'sfirstspacedocking,withtheShenzhouVIIIspacecraft,bothtobelaunchedin2011.

Xinhua,APandReuterscontributedtothisstory.

TheU.S.“won”thespaceraceon21July1969,whenNeilArmstrongandBuzzAldrinbecamethefirstpeopleonthemoon.

TopicAreaA:

InternationalCooperationforthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace

HistoryandDiscussionoftheProblem

TheFourthCommitteeischargedwiththeissueofinternationalcooperationforthepeacefulusesofouterspace.Thistopicisonethathasyettobeexhausted,evenafteralmosthalfacenturyofdiscussion.Eversincethefirstsatelliteswerelaunchedinthe1950s,theinternationalcommunityhascontinuallyrespondedtotheconcernsraisedbyemergingspacetechnology.Internationallawwasforgedwithafewmajorobjectivesinmind,primarilythatspaceexplorationandusebeentirelypeacefulandforthebettermentofallmankind.7Ofcourse,thisnewandvastbodyoflawcraftedwithintheforumoftheUnitedNationsshouldhardlybestatic;keepingspaceexplorationandusewhollypeacefulrequirescontinualdiscussionasnewtechnologiesandprioritiesarise.Moreover,thedesireforallstates,industrializedanddevelopingalike,tobenefitmutuallyfromspacetechnologynecessitatesfrequentdiscussionandcooperation.Thehistoryofspaceexplorationisrelevanttotheissueintermsofhighlightingthechallengesposedbythenewspacetechnologyinthepeacefulusesofouterspace.

TheColdWarandtheSpaceRace

WorldWarIIcametoanendinAugust1945,shortlyaftertheUnitedStatesdroppedthesecretlydevelopedatomicbombonHiroshimaandNagasakiinJapan.However,theendofWorldWarIImarkedthebeginningoftheColdWar,astensionsmountedbetweenthepost-warsuperpowersofthe

world:

theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion.Duringthewar,boththeUnitedStatesandSovietUnionwereamongsttheAlliedPowers,whichalsoincludedBritainandFrance,infightingtheAxisPowers,namelyGermany,Italy,andJapan.AnimositybetweentheUnitedStatesandSovietUnionstemmedfromwartimedisagreements,particularlynearingtheendofthewar,oversuchmattersasthedevelopmentoftheatomicbomb,influenceinJapan,thedivisionofGermany,anddifferencesincommunistandcapitalistideals.8

TheatomicbombdevelopedbytheUnitedStatestriggeredanarmsrace,oracompetitionbetweentwoormorepartiesformilitarysupremacybyexpandingtechnologyandresources.Throughtheearly1950s,bothsuperpowersdevelopedhugearsenalsofInter-ContinentalBallisticMissiles（ICBMs）,whicharelongrangeballisticmissiles.In1952,theUnitedStatesdevelopeditsHydrogenBomb.TheSovietUnionfollowedsuitin1955.9

Laterinthedecade,thearmsraceadvancedintowhatbecameknownasthe“SpaceRace,”anunofficialtechnologicalcompetitionparallelingthearmsraceinwhichbothnationssoughttoprovescientificsuperiorityinthearenaofspaceexploration.In1952,theInternationalCouncilofScientificUnionsestablishedthetimeperiodfrom1July1957to31December1958astheInternationalGeophysicalYear（IGY）,duetoknowncyclesofhighsolaractivity.10Shortlyafterwards,thecouncilcalledforartificialsatellitestobelaunchedduringtheIGYtomapthesurfaceoftheEarth.In1955,theUSWhiteHouselookedtogovernmentresearchagenciestoundertakedevelopmentontheproject,authorizingtheVanguardproposalfromtheNavalResearchLaboratory.

TheSpaceRacebeganfollowingtheRussianlaunchingofSputnik,thefirstartificialsatelliteintheworld,on4October1957.ThelaunchofSputnik,abeachballshapedsatelliteweighing184pounds,stunnedtheAmericanpublic,whofearedthatthesovietswouldsoonbeabletolaunchICBMsandotherweaponsfromspace.11Onemonthlater,theSovietUnionlaunchedSputnikII,whichfamouslycarriedamuchheavierloadincludingacaninepassengernamedLaika.Meanwhile,thefirstattemptmadebytheUnitedStatesatlaunchinganartificialsatelliteendedunsuccessfullywhenitsVanguardrocketexplodedatlift-off.However,anotherprojecthadbeenbrewingsimultaneously.andon31January1958,theUnitedStatessuccessfullylauncheditsfirstorbitingsatellite,ExplorerI.ExplorerIcarriedasmallscientificloadthatdiscoveredmagneticradiationbeltsaroundtheEarth.ThelaunchingofSputnikcompelledtheU.S.CongresstopasstheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceActin1958,formallycreatingNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration（NASA）.12Thefirstsatellitesservedasanearlyindicatorthatouterspacewasinternationalterritorytobeshared.

In1959,theSovietUnionlaunchedthefirstsuccessfulmoon-probe,LunaII,andinthesameyearobtainedthefirstphotographsofthemoon.13On12April1961,YuriGagarinoftheSovietUnionbecamethefirstmaninspace,orbitingtheearthinVostokfor108minutes.Justweekslater,AlanShepherdbecamethefirstAmericaninSpace.On20February1962,JohnGlennbecamethefirstAmericantoorbittheearth.ThefirstwomaninspacewasValentinaTereshkovaoftheSovietUnionin1963.14

In1961,AmericanPresidentJohnF.Kennedyannouncedtheambitiousnationalgoaloflandingamanonthemoonandreturninghimsafelyto