ga背景文件.docx

1、ga背景文件Chinas moon goal right on the scheduleThe Long March rocket, carrying the Change-2 satellite, blasts off from Xichang, Sichuan province on Friday. The launch started the second phase of Chinas three-step moon mission, which will culminate in a soft-landing on the moon. Successful launch of pro

2、be brings lunar landing closer XICHANG, Sichuan - China moved closer to its goal of landing on the moon as its second lunar probe, Change-2, blasted off seconds before 7:00 pm on Friday from the southwestern city of Xichang. A Long March 3-C launch vehicle, with Change-2 on top, lifted off from the

3、Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan province at 6:59:57 pm as planned. The circumlunar satellite separated from the rocket at 7:26 pm to enter the Earth-moon transfer orbit. In less than five days, it will enter a 100-kilometer lunar orbit. About an hour after the launch, Li Shangfu, director

4、 of the Xichang launch center, declared the launch a success to cheers and applause in the command and control hall. The Change-2 mission is considered a starting point of the second stage of Chinas lunar exploration program that focuses on landing on the moon, a spokesperson for the lunar explorati

5、on program, said. The probe plans to test technology in preparation for an unmanned moon landing in 2013. Developed with indigenous technology, the 900-million-yuan ($134 million) Change-2 mission will test key components for a soft-landing on the moon. Fridays mission marked the first time that a C

6、hinese lunar probe directly entered the Earth-moon transfer orbit without orbiting the earth first. It is a major breakthrough in rocket design, as it saves energy used by the satellite and speeds up the journey to lunar orbit, Pang Zhihao, a researcher with the China Academy of Space Technology, wa

7、s quoted by the Xinhua News Agency as saying. The circumlunar satellite will be sent directly into the Earth-moon transfer orbit and travel some 112 hours before being captured by the moons gravity and entering the 100-km lunar orbit. Later - sometime near the end of October - it will be maneuvered

8、to go into an elliptical orbit with the closest point only 15 km away from the lunar surface. At that distance, it will take high-resolution photos of the moons Bay of Rainbows area, the expected landing site of Change-3. Once the Change-2 probe relays back high-resolution photos of the Bay of Rainb

9、ows, taken from the 15-km orbit, it signals a successful mission, the spokesman said. In addition, it will also refine scientific research results acquired in the first mission through the improved payload on board. Whether the probe can enter and work in the 15-km orbit is regarded as the biggest c

10、hallenge facing the countrys ground tracking and control technology. Yu Dengyun, deputy chief designer of Chinas lunar exploration program, said if the ground-tracking system fails to calculate correctly, during the probes maneuver, it could either end in a lower orbit and crash into the moon, or ta

11、ke photos in a higher orbit with the quality of images suffering. The second lunar probe has a designed lifespan of six months, but it is expected to last longer in space. The mission planners have three possible scenarios for how Change-2 will end its mission. It might end like its predecessor and

12、crash into the moon, fly further into deeper space, or come back to Earth, said Yu. The decision will be up to the condition of the satellite, he said. Lunar exploration is a high-risk endeavor. Since 1958, the United States, Russia (and previously the Soviet Union), the European Union, Japan, China

13、 and India have sent lunar probes to the moon. Half of the 126 missions failed. China proved its capability to explore outer space by launching the Change-1 orbiter in 2007, which ended its 16-month mission in 2009 by crashing into the lunar surface. It plans to send three spacecraft to the moon in

14、the second stage of its lunar exploration program, including Change-3, which is slated to soft-land on the moon in about 2013, and Change-4, which is a backup for Change-3. The Change satellites are named after a mythical Chinese goddess who flew to the moon. China is also the third nation, after th

15、e US and Russia, to launch people into space after Yang Liwei was put into orbit aboard the spaceship Shenzhou V on Oct 15, 2003. Another three astronauts were sent into space in Shenzhou VII and carried out the countrys first space walk in September 2008. China is planning to send a module, Tiangon

16、g-1, into space to carry out Chinas first space docking, with the Shenzhou VIII spacecraft, both to be launched in 2011. Xinhua, AP and Reuters contributed to this story. The U.S. “won” the space race on 21 July 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first people on the moon.Topic Area

17、 A: International Cooperation for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space History and Discussion of the ProblemThe Fourth Committee is charged with the issue of international cooperation for the peaceful uses of outer space. This topic is one that has yet to be exhausted, even after almost half a century o

18、f discussion. Ever since the first satellites were launched in the 1950s, the international community has continually responded to the concerns raised by emerging space technology. International law was forged with a few major objectives in mind, primarily that space exploration and use be entirely

19、peaceful and for the betterment of all mankind.7 Of course, this new and vast body of law crafted within the forum of the United Nations should hardly be static; keeping space exploration and use wholly peaceful requires continual discussion as new technologies and priorities arise. Moreover, the de

20、sire for all states, industrialized and developing alike, to benefit mutually from space technology necessitates frequent discussion and cooperation. The history of space exploration is relevant to the issue in terms of highlighting the challenges posed by the new space technology in the peaceful us

21、es of outer space. The Cold War and the Space RaceWorld War II came to an end in August 1945, shortly after the United States dropped the secretly developed atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. However, the end of World War II marked the beginning of the Cold War, as tensions mounted betw

22、een the post-war superpowers of theworld: the United States and the Soviet Union. During the war, both the United States and Soviet Union were amongst the Allied Powers, which also included Britain and France, in fighting the Axis Powers, namely Germany, Italy, and Japan. Animosity between the Unite

23、d States and Soviet Union stemmed from wartime disagreements, particularly nearing the end of the war, over such matters as the development of the atomic bomb, influence in Japan, the division of Germany, and differences in communist and capitalist ideals.8 The atomic bomb developed by the United St

24、ates triggered an arms race, or a competition between two or more parties for military supremacy by expanding technology and resources. Through the early 1950s, both superpowers developed huge arsenals of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), which are long range ballistic missiles. In 1952,

25、 the United States developed its Hydrogen Bomb. The Soviet Union followed suit in 1955.9 Later in the decade, the arms race advanced into what became known as the “Space Race,” an unofficial technological competition paralleling the arms race in which both nations sought to prove scientific superior

26、ity in the arena of space exploration. In 1952, the International Council of Scientific Unions established the time period from 1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958 as the International Geophysical Year (IGY), due to known cycles of high solar activity.10 Shortly afterwards, the council called for artifi

27、cial satellites to be launched during the IGY to map the surface of the Earth. In 1955, the US White House looked to government research agencies to undertake development on the project, authorizing the Vanguard proposal from the Naval Research Laboratory. The Space Race began following the Russian

28、launching of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite in the world, on 4 October 1957. The launch of Sputnik, a beach ball shaped satellite weighing 184 pounds, stunned the American public, who feared that the soviets would soon be able to launch ICBMs and other weapons from space.11 One month later,

29、 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik II, which famously carried a much heavier load including a canine passenger named Laika. Meanwhile, the first attempt made by the United States at launching an artificial satellite ended unsuccessfully when its Vanguard rocket exploded at lift-off. However, another

30、 project had been brewing simultaneously. and on 31 January 1958, the United States successfully launched its first orbiting satellite, Explorer I. Explorer I carried a small scientific load that discovered magnetic radiation belts around the Earth. The launching of Sputnik compelled the U.S. Congre

31、ss to pass the National Aeronautics and Space Act in 1958, formally creating National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 12 The first satellites served as an early indicator that outer space was international territory to be shared. In 1959, the Soviet Union launched the first successful m

32、oon-probe, Luna II, and in the same year obtained the first photographs of the moon.13 On 12 April 1961,Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union became the first man in space, orbiting the earth in Vostok for 108 minutes. Just weeks later, Alan Shepherd became the first American in Space. On 20 February 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth. The first woman in space was Valentina Tereshkova of the Soviet Union in 1963.14 In 1961, American President John F. Kennedy announced the ambitious national goal of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to