BOLDFACE.docx
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BOLDFACE
GWD-1-Q3:
Boldface
Aproductthatrepresentsacleartechnologicaladvanceovercompetingproductscangenerallycommandahighprice.Becausetechnologicaladvancestendtobequicklysurpassedandcompanieswanttomakelargeprofitswhiletheystillcan,manycompanieschargethegreatestpricethemarketwillbearwhentheyhavesuchaproduct.Butlargeprofitsonthemewproductwillgivecompetitorsastrongincentivetoquicklymatchthemewproduct’scapabilities.Consequently,thestrategytomaximizeoverallprofitfromanewproductistochargelessthanthegreatestpossibleprice.
Intheargumentabove,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Thefirstisanassumptionthatformsthebasisforacourseofactionthattheargumentcriticizes;thesecondpresentsthecourseofactionendorsedbytheargument.
B.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoexplaintheappealofacertainstrategy;thesecondisaconsiderationraisedtocallintoquestionthewisdomofadoptingthatstrategy.
C.Thefirstisanassumptionthathasbeenusedtojustifyacertainstrategy;thesecondisaconsiderationthatisusedtocastdoubtonthatassumption.
D.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedinsupportofastrategytheargumentendorses;thesecondpresentsgroundsinsupportofthatconsideration.
E.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoshowthatadoptingacertainstrategyisunlikelytoachievetheintendedeffect;thesecondispresentedtoexplaintheappealofthatstrategy.[D]*B
GWD-1-Q22:
Boldface
CityOfficial:
AtCityHospital,uninsuredpatientstendtohaveshorterstaysandfewerproceduresperformedthandoinsuredpatients,eventhoughinsuredpatients,onaverage,haveslightlylessseriousmedicalproblemsatthetimeofadmissiontothehospitalthanuninsuredpatientshave.Criticsofthehospitalhaveconcludedthattheuninsuredpatientsaremotreceivingpropermedicalcare.However,thisconclusionisalmostcertainlyfalse.Carefulinvestigationhasrecentlyshowntwothings:
insuredpatientshavemuchlongerstaysinthehospitalthannecessary,andtheytendtohavemoreproceduresperformedthanaremedicallynecessary.
Inthecityofficial’sargument,thetwoboldfaceportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Thefirststatestheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument;thesecondprovidessupportforthatconclusion.
B.Thefirstisusedtosupporttheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument;thesecondstatesthatconclusion.
C.Thefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;thesecondstatesthepositionthatthecityofficial’sargumentopposes.
D.Thefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;thesecondprovidessupportfortheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument.
E.Thefirststatesthepositionthatthecityofficial’sargumentopposes;thesecondstatestheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument.[E]
GWD-2-Q21:
Boldface
EnvironmentalorganizationswanttopreservethelandsurroundingtheWilgrinnWildernessAreafromresidentialdevelopment.Theyplantodothisbypurchasingthatlandfromthefarmerswhoownit.Thatplanisill-conceived:
ifthefarmersdidselltheirland,theywouldsellittothehighestbidder,anddeveloperswouldoutbidanyotherbidders.Ontheotherhand,thesefarmerswillneveractuallysellanyoftheland,providedthatfarmingitremainsviable.Butfarmingwillnotremainviableifthefarmsareleftunmodernized,andmostofthefarmerslackthefinancialresourcesmodernizationrequires.Andthatisexactlywhyamoresensiblepreservationstrategywouldbetoassistthefarmerstomodernizetheirfarmstotheextentneededtomaintainviability.
Intheargumentasawhole,thetwoboldfaceproportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentrejectsasill-conceived;thesecondisevidencethatispresentedasgroundsforthatrejection.
B.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentconcludescannotbeattained;thesecondisareasonofferedinsupportofthatconclusion.
C.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentconcludescanbeattained;thesecondisajudgmentdisputingthatconclusion.
D.Thefirstpresentsagoal,strategiesforachievingwhicharebeingevaluatedintheargument;thesecondisajudgmentprovidingabasisfortheargument’sadvocacyofaparticularstrategy.
E.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentendorses;thesecondpresentsasituationthattheargumentcontendsmustbechangedifthatgoalistobemetintheforeseeablefuture.
GWD-3-Q2:
Boldface
Hunter:
HuntersaloneareblamedforthedeclineinGreenrockNationalForest’sdeerpopulationoverthepasttenyears.Yetclearly,blackbearshavealsoplayedanimportantroleinthisdecline.Inthepasttenyears,theforest’sprotectedblackbearpopulationhasrisensharply,andexaminationofblackbearsfounddeadintheforestduringthedeerhuntingseasonshowedthatanumberofthemhadrecentlyfedondeer.
Inthehunter’sargument,theboldfaceportionplayswhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Itisthemainconclusionoftheargument.
B.Itisanobjectionthathasbeenraisedagainstthemainconclusionoftheargument.
C.Itisajudgmentthattheargumentopposes.
D.Itisafindingthattheargumentseekstoexplain.
E.Itprovidesevidenceinsupportofthemainconclusionoftheargument.[A]
GWD-3-Q16:
Boldface
Economist:
Tropicorp,whichconstantlyseeksprofitableinvestmentopportunities,hasbeenbuyingandclearingsectionsoftropicalforestforcattleranching,althoughpasturesnewlycreatedtherebecomeuselessforgrazingafterjustafewyears.Thecompanyhasnotgoneintorubbertapping,eventhoughgreaterprofitscanbemadefromrubbertapping,whichleavestheforestintact.Thus,someenvironmentalistsconcludethatTropicorphasnotactedwhollyoutofeconomicself-interest.However,theseenvironmentalistsareprobablywrong.Theinitialinvestmentrequiredforasuccessfulrubber-tappingoperationislargerthanthatneededforacattleranch.Furthermore,thereisashortageofworkersemployableinrubber-tappingoperations,andfinally,taxesarehigheronprofitsfromrubbertappingthanonprofitsfromcattleranching.
Intheeconomist’sargument,thetwoboldfacedportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Thefirstsupportstheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument;thesecondcallsthatconclusionintoquestion.
B.Thefirststatestheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument;thesecondsupportsthatconclusion.
C.Thefirstsupportstheenvironmentalists’conclusion;thesecondstatesthatconclusion.
D.Thefirststatestheenvironmentalists’conclusion;thesecondstatestheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument.
E.Eachsupportstheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument.[C]
GWD-5-Q19:
Boldface
Historian:
IntheDrindianEmpire,censuseswereconductedannuallytodeterminethepopulationofeachvillage.前提事实Villagecensusrecordsforthelasthalfofthe1600’sareremarkablycomplete.前提事实Thisverycompletenessmakesonepointstandout;infivedifferentyears,villagesoverwhelminglyreportedsignificantpopulationdeclines.Tellingly,eachofthosefiveyearsimmediatelyfollowedanincreaseinacertainDrindiantax.证据Thistax,whichwasassessedonvillages,wascomputedbythecentralgovernmentusingtheannualcensusfigures.Obviously,wheneverthetaxwentup,villageshadanespeciallypowerfuleconomicincentivetominimizethenumberofpeopletheyrecorded;andconcealingthesizeofavillage’spopulationfromgovernmentcensustakerswouldhavebeeneasy.推断Therefore,itisreasonabletothinkthatthereporteddeclinesdidnothappen.结论立场
Inthehistorian’sargument,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Thefirstsuppliesacontextforthehistorian’sargument;thesecondacknowledgesaconsiderationthathasbeenusedtoargueagainstthepositionthehistorianseekstoestablish.
B.Thefirstpresentsevidencetosupportthepositionthatthehistorianseekstoestablish;thesecondacknowledgesaconsiderationthathasbeenusedtoargueagainstthatposition.
C.Thefirstprovidesacontextforcertainevidencethatsupportsthepositionthatthehistorianseekstoestablish;thesecondisthatposition.
D.Thefirstisapositionforwhichthehistorianargues;thesecondisanassumptionthatservesasthebasisofthatargument.
E.Thefirstisanassumptionthatthehistorianexplicitlymakesinarguingforacertainposition;thesecondacknowledgesaconsiderationthatcallsthatassumptionintoquestion.[C]
GWD-5-Q20:
Boldface
Scientiststypicallydotheirmostcreativeworkbeforetheageofforty.Itiscommonlythoughtthatthishappensbecauseagingbyitselfbringsaboutalossofcreativecapacity.观点1However,studiesshowthatadisproportionatelylargenumberofthescientistswhoproducehighlycreativeworkbeyondtheageoffortyenteredtheirfieldatanolderagethanisusual.证据Sincebytheageoffortythelargemajorityofscientistshavebeenworkingintheirfieldforatleastfifteenyears,thestudies’findingstronglysuggeststhattherealreasonwhyscientistsoverfortyrarelyproducehighlycreativeworkisnotthattheyhavesimplyagedbutratherthattheygenerallyhavespenttoolonginagivenfield.结论
Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Thefirstisthepositionthattheargumentasawholeopposes;thesecondisanobjectionthathasbeenraisedagainstapositiondefendedintheargument.
B.Thefirstisaclaimthathasbeenadvancedinsupportofapositionthattheargumentopposes;thesecondisafindingthathasbeenusedinsupp