BOLDFACE.docx

BOLDFACE.docx

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BOLDFACE

GWD-1-Q3:

Boldface

Aproductthatrepresentsacleartechnologicaladvanceovercompetingproductscangenerallycommandahighprice.Becausetechnologicaladvancestendtobequicklysurpassedandcompanieswanttomakelargeprofitswhiletheystillcan,manycompanieschargethegreatestpricethemarketwillbearwhentheyhavesuchaproduct.Butlargeprofitsonthemewproductwillgivecompetitorsastrongincentivetoquicklymatchthemewproduct’scapabilities.Consequently,thestrategytomaximizeoverallprofitfromanewproductistochargelessthanthegreatestpossibleprice.

Intheargumentabove,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirstisanassumptionthatformsthebasisforacourseofactionthattheargumentcriticizes;thesecondpresentsthecourseofactionendorsedbytheargument.

B.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoexplaintheappealofacertainstrategy;thesecondisaconsiderationraisedtocallintoquestionthewisdomofadoptingthatstrategy.

C.Thefirstisanassumptionthathasbeenusedtojustifyacertainstrategy;thesecondisaconsiderationthatisusedtocastdoubtonthatassumption.

D.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedinsupportofastrategytheargumentendorses;thesecondpresentsgroundsinsupportofthatconsideration.

E.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoshowthatadoptingacertainstrategyisunlikelytoachievetheintendedeffect;thesecondispresentedtoexplaintheappealofthatstrategy.[D]*B

GWD-1-Q22:

Boldface

CityOfficial:

AtCityHospital,uninsuredpatientstendtohaveshorterstaysandfewerproceduresperformedthandoinsuredpatients,eventhoughinsuredpatients,onaverage,haveslightlylessseriousmedicalproblemsatthetimeofadmissiontothehospitalthanuninsuredpatientshave.Criticsofthehospitalhaveconcludedthattheuninsuredpatientsaremotreceivingpropermedicalcare.However,thisconclusionisalmostcertainlyfalse.Carefulinvestigationhasrecentlyshowntwothings:

insuredpatientshavemuchlongerstaysinthehospitalthannecessary,andtheytendtohavemoreproceduresperformedthanaremedicallynecessary.

Inthecityofficial’sargument,thetwoboldfaceportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirststatestheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument;thesecondprovidessupportforthatconclusion.

B.Thefirstisusedtosupporttheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument;thesecondstatesthatconclusion.

C.Thefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;thesecondstatesthepositionthatthecityofficial’sargumentopposes.

D.Thefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;thesecondprovidessupportfortheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument.

E.Thefirststatesthepositionthatthecityofficial’sargumentopposes;thesecondstatestheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument.[E]

GWD-2-Q21:

Boldface

EnvironmentalorganizationswanttopreservethelandsurroundingtheWilgrinnWildernessAreafromresidentialdevelopment.Theyplantodothisbypurchasingthatlandfromthefarmerswhoownit.Thatplanisill-conceived:

ifthefarmersdidselltheirland,theywouldsellittothehighestbidder,anddeveloperswouldoutbidanyotherbidders.Ontheotherhand,thesefarmerswillneveractuallysellanyoftheland,providedthatfarmingitremainsviable.Butfarmingwillnotremainviableifthefarmsareleftunmodernized,andmostofthefarmerslackthefinancialresourcesmodernizationrequires.Andthatisexactlywhyamoresensiblepreservationstrategywouldbetoassistthefarmerstomodernizetheirfarmstotheextentneededtomaintainviability.

Intheargumentasawhole,thetwoboldfaceproportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentrejectsasill-conceived;thesecondisevidencethatispresentedasgroundsforthatrejection.

B.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentconcludescannotbeattained;thesecondisareasonofferedinsupportofthatconclusion.

C.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentconcludescanbeattained;thesecondisajudgmentdisputingthatconclusion.

D.Thefirstpresentsagoal,strategiesforachievingwhicharebeingevaluatedintheargument;thesecondisajudgmentprovidingabasisfortheargument’sadvocacyofaparticularstrategy.

E.Thefirstpresentsagoalthattheargumentendorses;thesecondpresentsasituationthattheargumentcontendsmustbechangedifthatgoalistobemetintheforeseeablefuture.

GWD-3-Q2:

Boldface

Hunter:

HuntersaloneareblamedforthedeclineinGreenrockNationalForest’sdeerpopulationoverthepasttenyears.Yetclearly,blackbearshavealsoplayedanimportantroleinthisdecline.Inthepasttenyears,theforest’sprotectedblackbearpopulationhasrisensharply,andexaminationofblackbearsfounddeadintheforestduringthedeerhuntingseasonshowedthatanumberofthemhadrecentlyfedondeer.

Inthehunter’sargument,theboldfaceportionplayswhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Itisthemainconclusionoftheargument.

B.Itisanobjectionthathasbeenraisedagainstthemainconclusionoftheargument.

C.Itisajudgmentthattheargumentopposes.

D.Itisafindingthattheargumentseekstoexplain.

E.Itprovidesevidenceinsupportofthemainconclusionoftheargument.[A]

GWD-3-Q16:

Boldface

Economist:

Tropicorp,whichconstantlyseeksprofitableinvestmentopportunities,hasbeenbuyingandclearingsectionsoftropicalforestforcattleranching,althoughpasturesnewlycreatedtherebecomeuselessforgrazingafterjustafewyears.Thecompanyhasnotgoneintorubbertapping,eventhoughgreaterprofitscanbemadefromrubbertapping,whichleavestheforestintact.Thus,someenvironmentalistsconcludethatTropicorphasnotactedwhollyoutofeconomicself-interest.However,theseenvironmentalistsareprobablywrong.Theinitialinvestmentrequiredforasuccessfulrubber-tappingoperationislargerthanthatneededforacattleranch.Furthermore,thereisashortageofworkersemployableinrubber-tappingoperations,andfinally,taxesarehigheronprofitsfromrubbertappingthanonprofitsfromcattleranching.

Intheeconomist’sargument,thetwoboldfacedportionsplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirstsupportstheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument;thesecondcallsthatconclusionintoquestion.

B.Thefirststatestheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument;thesecondsupportsthatconclusion.

C.Thefirstsupportstheenvironmentalists’conclusion;thesecondstatesthatconclusion.

D.Thefirststatestheenvironmentalists’conclusion;thesecondstatestheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument.

E.Eachsupportstheconclusionoftheeconomist’sargument.[C]

GWD-5-Q19:

Boldface

Historian:

IntheDrindianEmpire,censuseswereconductedannuallytodeterminethepopulationofeachvillage.前提事实Villagecensusrecordsforthelasthalfofthe1600’sareremarkablycomplete.前提事实Thisverycompletenessmakesonepointstandout;infivedifferentyears,villagesoverwhelminglyreportedsignificantpopulationdeclines.Tellingly,eachofthosefiveyearsimmediatelyfollowedanincreaseinacertainDrindiantax.证据Thistax,whichwasassessedonvillages,wascomputedbythecentralgovernmentusingtheannualcensusfigures.Obviously,wheneverthetaxwentup,villageshadanespeciallypowerfuleconomicincentivetominimizethenumberofpeopletheyrecorded;andconcealingthesizeofavillage’spopulationfromgovernmentcensustakerswouldhavebeeneasy.推断Therefore,itisreasonabletothinkthatthereporteddeclinesdidnothappen.结论立场

Inthehistorian’sargument,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirstsuppliesacontextforthehistorian’sargument;thesecondacknowledgesaconsiderationthathasbeenusedtoargueagainstthepositionthehistorianseekstoestablish.

B.Thefirstpresentsevidencetosupportthepositionthatthehistorianseekstoestablish;thesecondacknowledgesaconsiderationthathasbeenusedtoargueagainstthatposition.

C.Thefirstprovidesacontextforcertainevidencethatsupportsthepositionthatthehistorianseekstoestablish;thesecondisthatposition.

D.Thefirstisapositionforwhichthehistorianargues;thesecondisanassumptionthatservesasthebasisofthatargument.

E.Thefirstisanassumptionthatthehistorianexplicitlymakesinarguingforacertainposition;thesecondacknowledgesaconsiderationthatcallsthatassumptionintoquestion.[C]

GWD-5-Q20:

Boldface

Scientiststypicallydotheirmostcreativeworkbeforetheageofforty.Itiscommonlythoughtthatthishappensbecauseagingbyitselfbringsaboutalossofcreativecapacity.观点1However,studiesshowthatadisproportionatelylargenumberofthescientistswhoproducehighlycreativeworkbeyondtheageoffortyenteredtheirfieldatanolderagethanisusual.证据Sincebytheageoffortythelargemajorityofscientistshavebeenworkingintheirfieldforatleastfifteenyears,thestudies’findingstronglysuggeststhattherealreasonwhyscientistsoverfortyrarelyproducehighlycreativeworkisnotthattheyhavesimplyagedbutratherthattheygenerallyhavespenttoolonginagivenfield.结论

Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A.Thefirstisthepositionthattheargumentasawholeopposes;thesecondisanobjectionthathasbeenraisedagainstapositiondefendedintheargument.

B.Thefirstisaclaimthathasbeenadvancedinsupportofapositionthattheargumentopposes;thesecondisafindingthathasbeenusedinsupp