高三英语阅读理解科普环保专项训练及答案及解析.docx

高三英语阅读理解科普环保专项训练及答案及解析.docx

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高三英语阅读理解科普环保专项训练及答案及解析

高三英语阅读理解（科普环保）专项训练及答案及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Throughoutmuchofhumanhistory,manhasbeenthemeasureofmany,ifnotall,things.Lengthsweredividedupintofeetandsmallerunitsfromthehumanhand.Othermeasureswereequallycharacteristic.Mediterraneantradersforcenturiesusedtheweightofgrainsofwheattodefine（定义）theirunitsofmass.TheRomansusedlibra,forerunnerofthepound,byreferringtotheweightofacarob（角豆树）seed.

   Thesizesofsimilarlynamedunitscouldalsodiffer.Theking'sfoot,usedinFrancefornearly1,000yearsafteritsintroductionbyCharlemagneinaround790AD,was,at32.5cm,aroundacentimetershorterthantheBelgicfoot,usedinEnglanduntil1300.Greek,EgyptianandBabylonianversionsofwaterinafixedcontainervariedfromoneanotherbyafewkilos,Norwasthereagreementonsuchthingswithincountries.InFrance,wheretherewasnounified（统一的）measurementsystematthenationallevel,thesituationwasparticularlyterrible.Thelieue（formermeasureofdistance）,forexample,variedfromjustover3kminthenorthtonearly6kminthesouth.

   AlthoughJohnWilkins,anEnglishman,firstputforwardadecimalsystem（十进制）ofmeasurementin1668,itwastheFrenchwhoin1799madeitlaw.TheSystèmeInternationald'Unités（SI,orthemetricsystem,asitisbetterknown）developedfromitandbecametheofficialmeasurementinallcountriesexceptMyanmar,LiberiaandtheUnitedStates.NowtheInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasuresinParisissettogivethemetricsystemitsbiggestshake-upyet.

   AtameetinginVersailles,France,onNovember16th,2018,theworld'smeasurementbodiesarealmostcertaintoapproveadecisionthatwillmeanfouroutofthesevenbaseSIunits,includingthekilogram,willfollowtheotherthree,includingthemetre,inbeingredefinedintermsofthevaluesofphysicalconstants（物理常数）.Eachofthechosenconstantshasbeenmeasuredincrediblyprecisely,whichwouldmeanthatfromMay20th2019theconstantswillthemselvesbefixedattheircurrentvaluesforever.Anylaboratoryintheworldwillthenbeabletomeasure,forexample,themassofanobjectaspreciselyastheaccuracyoftheirequipmentwillallow.

（1）WhatdoesParagraph1mainlytellus?

A.Poundwentbeforelibrainmeasurement.

B.Differentthingsusedtobeadoptedasmeasures.

C.GrainswereacceptedasmeasuresbytheRomans.

D.Fixedmeasurementsystemsweregraduallyformed.

（2）Howdoestheauthordevelopthesecondparagraph?

A.Intimeorder.

B.Byanalysis.

C.Inspaceorder.

D.Bycomparison.

（3）WhichofthefollowingcountriesusedSIasanofficialmeasurement?

A.France.

B.Liberia.

C.America.

D.Myanmar.

（4）Whatwilltheworld'smeasurementbodiesachieveatthemeetingheldinVersailles?

A.TheywillcomeupwithsevennewSIunits.

B.TheywillsetMay20thasanewinternationalfestival.

C.TheywillredefinefourSIunitsincludingthekilogram.

D.Theywilldecideonanewmeasureusedinthelaboratory.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）D

（3）A

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，法国凡尔赛宫举办的国际计量大会，将对目前使用的国际单位制中的四个基本单位进行重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第一段中的“manhasbeenthemeasureofmany,ifnotall,things”以及下文提到的用作计量单位的手、脚、谷物重量和参考角豆种子重量的磅可知，本段主要讲述了不同的东西被用作计量单位。

故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第二段中的“Theking'sfoot...aroundacentimetreshorterthantheBelgicfoot”和“Greek,EgyptianandBabylonianversionsofwaterinafixedcontainervariedfromoneanotherbyafewkilos,以及Thelieue（formermeasureofdistance）,forexample,variedfromjustover3kminthenorthtonearly6kminthesouth”可推知，本段作者主要运用了对比的写作方法，把同一计量单位在不同国家之间或者在同一国家不同区域间的差异进行了说明。

故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“itwastheFrenchwhoin1799madeitlaw和TheSystèmeInternationald'Unités（SI,orthemetricsystem,asitisbetterknown）developedfromitandbecametheofficialmeasurementinallcountriesexceptMyanmar,LiberiaandtheUnitedStates”可知，在所给出的四个国家中，只有法国采用国际单位制（SI）。

国际单位制是现时世界上最普遍采用的标准度量衡单位系统，采用十进制进位系统。

故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“AtameetinginVersailles,France,onNovember16th,2018,theworld'smeasurementbodiesarealmostcertaintoapproveadecisionthatwillmeanfouroutofthesevenbaseSIunits...willfollowtheotherthree...inbeingredefinedintermsofthevaluesofphysicalconstants”可知，在法国凡尔赛宫召开的会议上，七个基本计量单位中的四个将被重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。

故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解

   Agooddisguisekeepsyouhidden,right?

Well,sometimesthebestdisguiseisactuallythemostdazzlingbecauseresearchrevealsthatflashymetalliciridescence（金属彩虹色）canvisuallypuzzlepredators,whichallowscolorfulpreytosurviveanotherday.ThosesurprisingresultsappearinthejournalScientificReports.

   Shiningiridescentcolor,whichchangesdependingontheanglefromwhichit'sviewed,isfavoredbyeverythingfrombirdstobeetlesandblossomstobutterflies.

   "Andinourresearchgroupweareofcourseinterestedinwhythisvividmetalliccolorissowidespreadinnature."KarinKjernsmooftheUniversityofBristoladdsthatinsomecasestheshowysplashesoflightareasexualstrategy."HereIwouldliketopointoutthatinsomespecies,particularlythosethatdisplaystrongsexualdimorphism（雌雄两性）,suchasbirdsofparadiseorsomebutterfliesorfishes,theoccurrenceofiridescenceismostlikelydrivenbysexualselection.Forexample,inmanyofthesecasesitisthemalesthathavethesevividiridescentcolorsandtheyusetheminmatechoiceortheyusethemasasignaltoattractmates." Butiridescencealsoshowsupinsituationswherereproductionisnotanissue."Sowhatwearestudyingnowiswhethernaturalselectionimposedbypredation（捕食行为）couldexplaintheoccurrenceofiridescenceinpreyanimals."

   Theideathateyecatchingcolorscouldbeusedasacoverupisn'tanewone."Thefatherofcamouflagetheory,AbbottThayer,reallybelievedthatiridescenceshouldbecategorizedasacamouflagestrategy.AndhewroteinhisfamouslifeworkConcealingColorationintheAnimalKingdom,alreadyin1909,that'brilliantlychangeableormetalliccolorsareamongthestrongestfactorsinananimal'sconcealment'.Andthissoundslikeacompletelyunreasonablethingtosay,becausehowcancolorsthatarebothbrilliantandchangeablecontributetoanimal'sconcealment？

"

   "Inasimilarway,wewereaskingwhetheriridescence,duetoitschangeability,couldworkasaformofcamouflagebypreventingshaperecognition."Kjernsmoandhercolleaguestrainedbumblebeestoassociateaparticularshape—acircleoranoval—withasugarreward.Andtheyfoundthatthebees,whengivenachoice,wouldpreferentiallyvisittheshapetheyknewtobesweet.Butwhentheshapeswereiridescent,thebeeshadtroubletellingthemapart."Itseemedthatthestrikinglyiridescentsurfacesonourtargetsvisuallybrokeuptheotherwiserecognizableshapeofthetargets,whichmadethemhardtodistinguish."Asformakinguseofthismethodforhidinginplainsight,"Anypracticalapplicationsisofcoursedirectlylinkedtoanyindustrythathasaninterestincamouflage,thatishowtoconcealobjectsormakethemmoredifficulttorecognize."Theresearchersarecurrentlyconductingexperimentswithbirds,whichoftenpreyoniridescentinsectstoseeifithelpstohaveabird'seyeview.

（1）Accordingtothepassage,iridescenceisnotmadeuseofbyanimalsto________.

A. livealittlelongerbyescapingtheirpredator（捕食者）     

B. catchtheattentionoftheirmates

C. concealthemselveswhenindanger                                 D. catchsightofmorecolorfulpreys

（2）Fromthestudyinthelastparagraph,wecanlearnthat________.

A. Beescanalwaystellthedifferencebetweenacircleandanoval

B. Beesarecreaturesthatarefascinatedbysweetthingsthatareiridescent

C. Ifacircle,withasugarreward,isiridescent,thebeesmayhavedifficultyfindingit

D. Beesarelikelytoprefercirclestoovals,whethertheyareiridescentornot

（3）Whatwillbetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph?

A. Whetherthereareanydifferencesbetweenbeesandbirds.

B. Someindustriesthathavegreatinterestincamouflage.

C. Whybirdsarenoteffectedbyiridescentinsects.

D. Whichcamouflagetheoryappliesmoretobirds.

（4）Whichofthefollowingmightserveasthebesttitleofthepassage?

A. Afamouscamouflagestrategy                       

B. Metalliciridescentasthebestdisguise

C. Colorsuniquetoanimals                                

D. Shiningcolorsasasexualstrategy

【答案】

（1）D

（2）C

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了彩虹色有助于生物隐藏。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第一段中的“Agooddisguisekeepsyouhidden,right?

Well,sometimesthebestdisguiseisactuallythemostdazzlingbecauseresearchrevealsthatflashymetalliciridescence（金属彩虹色）canvisuallypuzzlepredators,whichallowscolorfulpreytosurviveanotherday.”可知彩虹色被动物用来通过逃离捕食者而活得更久，排除A；根据第三段中的“HereIwouldliketopointoutthatinsomespecies,particularlythosethatdisplaystrongsexualdimorphism（雌雄两性）,suchasbirdsofparadiseorsomebutterfliesorfishes,theoccurrenceofiridescenceismostlikelydrivenbysexualselection.”在这里我想指出的是，在某些物种中，尤其是那些表现出强烈两性差异的物种，比如天堂鸟、孔雀，甚至在某些蝴蝶或鱼类中，彩虹色的出现很可能是由性别选择所驱动的。

可知动物用彩虹色引起同伴的注意，排除B；根据倒数第二段中的“Theideathateyecatchingcolorscouldbeusedasacoverupisn'tanewone.”引人注目的颜色可以用来伪装，这种想法并不新鲜，排除C，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“Itseemedthatthestrikinglyiridescentsurfacesonourtargetsvisuallybrokeuptheotherwiserecognizableshapeofthetargets,whichmadethemhardtodistinguish.”似乎我们的目标上惊人的彩虹表面在视觉上打破了原本可以辨认的目标形状，这使得它们很难区分。

故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段说研究人员目前正在对鸟类进行实验，这些鸟类的饮食中经常含有彩虹色的昆虫。

实验目的是看看鸟类的视角是否能提供帮助。

由此推断接下来一段会谈论为什么鸟类不受彩虹色昆虫的影响，故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。

第一段中的“Well,s