班级安排.docx

班级安排.docx

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班级安排

ClassroomManagement

1DefinitionofClassroomManagement

ClassroomManagementisthewayteachersorganizewhatgoesonintheclassroom.Itcontributesdirectlytotheefficiencyofteachingandlearning.Goodmanagerialskillsonthepartofteacherareaveryessentialcomponentofgoodteaching.Thegoalofclassroommanagementistocreateanatmosphereandsetanappropriateconditioninwhichteachingandlearningcantakeplaceinmeaningfulways.Efficientclassroommanagementcanbeachievedwhenthefollowingconditionsaremet,suchas,classroomenvironment,teacherandstudents’appropriateroles,suitablestudentsgroupingforthelearningactivities,anddisciplineintheclass,etc.Understandingthesefactorscanhelpteacherstobemoreeffectiveintheprocessofteaching.

2ComponentsandfunctionsofClassroomManagement

2.1Classroomenvironment

Theclassroomisavehicleforgettingstudentstostudy.Teacherscanexpertlymanageandorganizeasafeandrelaxclassroomenvironmentinwhichstudentscancontributeinapositiveandproductiveway.Theystrategicallyplacefurniture,displays,fixedelementsandlocationofmaterialsinordertooptimizestudentslearningandreducedistractions.Effectiveteachersareskillfulindecoratingtheroomwithstudentwork,arrangingthefurnituretopromoteinteractionamongstudentsandteacher,andsettingcomfortableareasforworking.Andtheyalsoconsiderstudentneedsinarrangingtheclassroom.

2.2Teacherroles

Itiswellknown,inChina,teachersplayanindispensableroleinclassroommanagement.Accordingtonewcurriculum,teachers’rolesarenotstaticbutmoreflexible.Belowarecommentsonthedifferentrolesthatteachersplayinthelanguageclassroom.

●Controller

Theroleofcontrollerishelpfulduringtheaccuratereproductionstage（eg.Makeannouncements,reintroduceorder,giveexplanations,leadaquestionandanswersession）,andespeciallyduringlockstepactivities.Hedeterminesnotonlywhatthestudentsdo,butalsowhentheyshouldspeakandwhatlanguageformstheyshoulduse.Hecanpredictvirtuallyallstudentresponsesbecausehemapsouteverythingaheadoftime,andheleavesnospacefortangents.

●Organizer

Themainaimoftheteacherasanorganizeristoinformthestudentswhattheyaregoingtodiscuss,writeorreadabout,giveclearinstructions,keeptheactivitygoing,andthenorganizefeedbackattheendoftheactivity.

●Assessor

AccordingtoHarmer（2003,P59）,asanassessor,theteacherdoestwothings:

correctingmistakesandorganizingfeedback.Whencorrectingmistakes,theteachershouldbesensitivetothestudents’possiblereactions.Feedbackincludesnotonlycorrectingstudents,butalsoofferingthemanassessmentofhowwelltheyhavedone.

●Prompter

Theteachershouldalwaysencouragestudentstoparticipateortogivetheappropriatepromptsorsuggestionsabouthowtheymayperforminanactivity,wheresilenceoccursorwhentheyareinconfusionofwhattodonext.Teacherneedstodoitsensitivelyandencouragingly,withdiscretion.

●Participant

Aftertheteachergivinginstructions,besidesmonitoringtheclass,hemightjoinsimulationsasaparticipant,andsometimeshehimselfplaysaroleratherthanstandinfrontoftheclassroomwithoutdoinganything.Theteachershouldnotdominateorappeartobeauthoritative.

●Resource-provider

Whenteachersareactingasaresourcetheywillwanttobehelpfulandavailablesothatstudentscanconsultthemwhentheywish,butatthesametimetheyhavetoresisttheurgetospoon-feedstudentssothatthestudentsbecomeover-reliantonteachers.

●Facilitator

Teachershouldfunctionasahelpertostudents’learningratherthansimplytransmittingknowledge.Asafacilitator,theteachershouldcreateapositivelearningenvironment,usevariousstrategiestomotivatelearners,guidetheminplanningandassessingtheirownlearninganddeveloptheirlearningstrategies.

●Tutor

Thisistheroletheteacheradoptswherestudentsareinvolvedintheirownworkandcallupontheteachermainlyforadviceandguidance.Forexample,theteachercanhelpstudentsbypointingouterrorsinroughdrafts,offeringadviceabouthowtogetthemostoutoftheirlearningandwhattodoiftheywanttostudymore.

●Researcher

Teachersthemselveswillwanttodeveloptheirownskillsandhopeforagraduallydeepeninginsightintothebestwaystofosterlanguagelearning.Thebestwaytodothisisbyinvestigatingwhatisgoingon,observingwhatworkswellinclassandwhatdoesnot,tryingoutnewtechniquesandactivitiesandevaluatingtheirappropriacy.

●Psychologist

Teachershouldtreateachstudentequallysothatthestudentsreceiveasenseofsecurityandproducecooperation.

2.3Learnerroles

Nowadayslearnersarebecomingthemainbodyofclassroomteaching,whichputthelearnersatthecenter.Inthelearner-centeredclassroom,teachersasklearnerstocontributetotheoveralldesignofcoursecontentandtheselectionoflearningprocedures,tothelanguagelearningactivities,andtoagreaterdegreeofresponsibilityfortheirownsuccessfullearning.Thatistosay,itinvolvesthegivingoverofsome“power”inthelanguagelearningprocesstothelearnersthemselves.Italsostrivestoallowforpersonalcreativityandinputfromthestudents,aswellastakingintoaccounttheirlearningneedsandobjectives.Davies&Pearseclaimthatatdifferenttimes,thelearnersneedtodothefollowingthings.

●Thelearnersneedtoattendtoinformationgiventothem,imitatetheteacher’smodels,andtrytodoexactlyasindicated.

●Thelearnersneedtovolunteeroriginalideasandaskrelevantquestions.

●Thelearnersneedtoworkwithotherlearners,solvingproblemscooperatively.

●Thelearnersneedtoworkindependentlyinclassorathome,takingfullresponsibilityfortheirownperformanceandlearning.

2.4Typesofstudentgroupings

Animportantfeatureoflanguageclassroomisthatstudentsdonotalwaysstudyasonebiggroup.Settingstudentsupwillservetomakemonitoringtheclassamoreefficientprocessfortheteacher.Diversityisacommonfeatureofclassgroupingsinlanguageclassroomduetothevarietyofbackgroundsandcultures.Themostcommonstudentgroupingsarelockstep,pairwork,groupworkandindividualstudy.Wewillbrieflydiscusstheirrelativedisadvantagesanddisadvantages.

2.4.1Lockstep

Itistheclassgroupingwhereallthestudentsareworkingwiththeteacher,whereallthestudentsare‘lockedinto’thesamerhythmandpace,thesameactivity.Theaccuratereproductionstageusuallytakesplaceinlockstep.

Advantages:

●Itreinforcesasenseofbelongingamongagroupofmembers.Whenstudentsaredoingthesameactivitytogether,everyonefeelsbeingtogetherwithothers.

●Itisgoodforteacherstogiveinstructionandexplanationtogetheranditisanidealwaytoshowmaterialsanddopresentationstogether.

Disadvantages:

●Everyoneisforcedtodothesamethingatthesametimeandatthesamepace.Individualityisnotfavoredinthissense.

●Noteveryonehastheopportunitytoexpresswhattheywant.

●Somestudentsfeelnervousandanxiouswhentheyareaskedtopresentinfrontofclass.

●Itfavorsthetransmissionofknowledgefromteachertostudentsratherthanstudentsdiscoveringthingsbythemselves.

●Itisnotagoodwaytoenhancerealcommunication.Studentscannotcommunicatewitheachotherinthissense.

2.4.2Pairwork

Itisawayofincreasingstudentparticipationandlanguageuse（usinglanguagethathadjustbeenpresented）andanextensionofcontrolleddrilling,questionandanswerpractice,informationgapexercises,practicingalearntdialogue,simulationsetc.Itisimportanttorememberthatthetypeofpairworktheteacherwillorganizedependsonthetypeofactivitytheclassisworkingwith.

Advantages:

●Itdramaticallyincreasesstudents’speakingtimeineachclass.

●Itallowsstudentstoworktogetherratherthanunderteachers’guidance.

●Itallowsteachers’timetoworkwiththeweakpairswhileothersareworkingontheirown.

●Itcanpromotecooperationbetweenstudents.

●Itcancreateamorerelaxedandfriendlycontextforstudentstolearn.

●Itisrelativelyquickandeasytoorganize.

Disadvantages:

●Itisoftenverynoisyandteachersareafraidoflosingcontroloftheclass.

●Somestudentsmaytalkinnativelanguageorsomethingnotrelatedtothetopic.Itisnotveryeasyforteachertomonitoreverypair.

●Somestudentsmaynotliketoworkwithpeers,andtheythinktheycanonlylearnfromtheirteachers.Sotheyrefusetoparticipateintheactivities.

●Thechoiceofpairisalsoaproblem.Somestudentsdon’tliketoworkwithaparticularpartnerwhilesomeonemaydominateallthetime.

2.4.3Groupwork

Groupworkismoredynamicthanpairwork.Thereisagreaterpossibilityofdiscussionandagreaterchancethatatleastonememberofthegroupwillbeabletosolveaproblemwhenitarisesandworkingingroupsispotentiallymorerelaxing.Todothistypeofactivitythestudentsmustbesufficientlypreparedtobeabletoworkentirelybythemselves.Itissuitableforintermediatelevelandupwardsandistask-oriented.

Advantages:

●Likepairwork,itdramaticallyincreasestheamountoftalkofindividualstudents.

●Thereisalwaysagreatchanceofdifferentopinionsandcontributionstothework.

●Italsoencouragescooperationandnegotiationskillsamongstudents.

●Itpromoteslearnerautonomybyallowingstudentstomaketheirowndecisionsratherthanfollowtheteachers.

Disadvantages:

●Likepairwork,itislikelytomaketheclassroomverynoisyandsometeachersfeelveryun