外文翻译集成电路IC外文翻译中英文对照.docx

外文翻译集成电路IC外文翻译中英文对照.docx

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外文翻译集成电路IC外文翻译中英文对照

Integratedcircuit（IC）

Introducion

Integratedcircuitalsocalledmicroelectroniccircuitorchipanassemblyofelectroniccomponents,fabricatedasasingleunit,inwhichminiaturizedactivedevices（e.g.,transistorsanddiodes）andpassivedevices（e.g.,capacitorsandresistors）andtheirinterconnectionsarebuiltuponathinsubstrateofsemiconductormaterial（typicallysilicon）.Theresultingcircuitisthusasmallmonolithic“chip,”whichmaybeassmallasafewsquarecentimetresoronlyafewsquaremillimetres.Theindividualcircuitcomponentsaregenerallymicroscopicinsize.

Integratedcircuitshavetheiroriginintheinventionofthetransistorin1947byWilliamB.ShockleyandhisteamattheAmericanTelephoneandTelegraphCompany'sBellLaboratories.Shockley'steam（includingJohnBardeenandWalterH.Brattain）foundthat,undertherightcircumstances,electronswouldformabarrieratthesurfaceofcertaincrystals,andtheylearnedtocontroltheflowofelectricitythroughthecrystalbymanipulatingthisbarrier.Controllingelectronflowthroughacrystalallowedtheteamtocreateadevicethatcouldperformcertainelectricaloperations,suchassignalamplification,thatwerepreviouslydonebyvacuumtubes.Theynamedthisdeviceatransistor,fromacombinationofthewordstransferandresistor（seephotograph）.Thestudyofmethodsofcreatingelectronicdevicesusingsolidmaterialsbecameknownassolid-stateelectronics.Solid-statedevicesprovedtobemuchsturdier,easiertoworkwith,morereliable,muchsmaller,andlessexpensivethanvacuumtubes.

Usingthesameprinciplesandmaterials,engineerssoonlearnedtocreateotherelectricalcomponents,suchasresistorsandcapacitors.Nowthatelectricaldevicescouldbemadesosmall,thelargestpartofacircuitwastheawkwardwiringbetweenthedevices.

In1958JackKilbyofTexasInstruments,Inc.,andRobertNoyceofFairchildSemiconductorCorporationindependentlythoughtofawaytoreducecircuitsizefurther.Theylaidverythinpathsofmetal（usuallyaluminumorcopper）directlyonthesamepieceofmaterialastheirdevices.Thesesmallpathsactedaswires.Withthistechniqueanentirecircuitcouldbe“integrated”onasinglepieceofsolidmaterialandanintegratedcircuit（IC）thuscreated.ICscancontainhundredsofthousandsofindividualtransistorsonasinglepieceofmaterialthesizeofapea.Workingwiththatmanyvacuumtubeswouldhavebeenunrealisticallyawkwardandexpensive.TheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitmadetechnologiesoftheInformationAgefeasible.ICsarenowusedextensivelyinallwalksoflife,fromcarstotoasterstoamusementparkrides.

BasicICtypes

Analogversusdigitalcircuits

Analog,orlinear,circuitstypicallyuseonlyafewcomponentsandarethussomeofthesimplesttypesofICs.Generally,analogcircuitsareconnectedtodevicesthatcollectsignalsfromtheenvironmentorsendsignalsbacktotheenvironment.Forexample,amicrophoneconvertsfluctuatingvocalsoundsintoanelectricalsignalofvaryingvoltage.Ananalogcircuitthenmodifiesthesignalinsomeusefulway—suchasamplifyingitorfilteringitofundesirablenoise.Suchasignalmightthenbefedbacktoaloudspeaker,whichwouldreproducethetonesoriginallypickedupbythemicrophone.

Anothertypicaluseforananalogcircuitistocontrolsomedeviceinresponsetocontinualchangesintheenvironment.Forexample,atemperaturesensorsendsavaryingsignaltoathermostat,whichcanbeprogrammedtoturnanairconditioner,heater,orovenonandoffoncethesignalhasreachedacertainvalue.

Adigitalcircuit,ontheotherhand,isdesignedtoacceptonlyvoltagesofspecificgivenvalues.Acircuitthatusesonlytwostatesisknownasabinarycircuit.Circuitdesignwithbinaryquantities,“on”and“off”representing1and0（i.e.,trueandfalse）,usesthelogicofBooleanalgebra.Thethreebasiclogicfunctions—NOT,AND,andOR—togetherwiththeirtruthtablesaregiveninthefigure.（ArithmeticisalsoperformedinthebinarynumbersystememployingBooleanalgebra.）ThesebasicelementsarecombinedinthedesignofICsfordigitalcomputersandassociateddevicestoperformthedesiredfunctions.

Microprocessorcircuits

MicroprocessorsarethemostcomplicatedICs.Theyarecomposedofmillionsoftransistorsthathavebeenconfiguredasthousandsofindividualdigitalcircuits,eachofwhichperformssomespecificlogicfunction.Amicroprocessorisbuiltentirelyoftheselogiccircuitssynchronizedtoeachother.

Justlikeamarchingband,thecircuitsperformtheirlogicfunctiononlyondirectionbythebandmaster.Thebandmasterinamicroprocessor,sotospeak,iscalledtheclock.Theclockisasignalthatquicklyalternatesbetweentwologicstates.Everytimetheclockchangesstate,everylogiccircuitinthemicroprocessordoessomething.Calculationscanbemadeveryquickly,dependingonthespeed（“clockfrequency”）ofthemicroprocessor.

Microprocessorscontainsomecircuits,knownasregisters,thatstoreinformation.Registersarepredeterminedmemorylocations.Eachprocessorhasmanydifferenttypesofregisters.Permanentregistersareusedtostorethepreprogrammedinstructionsrequiredforvariousoperations（suchasadditionandmultiplication）.Temporaryregistersstorenumbersthataretobeoperatedonandalsotheresult.Otherexamplesofregistersincludethe“programcounter,”the“stackpointer,”andthe“address”register.

Microprocessorscanperformmillionsofoperationspersecondondata.Inadditiontocomputers,microprocessorsarecommoninvideogamesystems,televisions,cameras,andautomobiles.

Memorycircuits

Microprocessorstypicallyhavetostoremoredatathancanbeheldinafewregisters.Thisadditionalinformationisrelocatedtospecialmemorycircuits.Memoryiscomposedofdensearraysofparallelcircuitsthatusetheirvoltagestatestostoreinformation.Memoryalsostoresthetemporarysequenceofinstructions,orprogram,forthemicroprocessor.Manufacturerscontinuallystrivetoreducethesizeofmemorycircuits—toincreasecapabilitywithoutincreasingspace.Inaddition,smallercomponentstypicallyuselesspower,operatemoreefficiently,andcostlesstomanufacture.

Digitalsignalprocessors

Asignalisananalogwaveform—anythingintheenvironmentthatcanbecapturedelectronically.Adigitalsignalisananalogwaveformthathasbeenconvertedintoaseriesofbinarynumbersforquickmanipulation.Asthenameimplies,adigitalsignalprocessor（DSP）processessignalsdigitally,aspatternsof1sand0s.Forinstance,usingananalog-to-digitalconverter,commonlycalledanA-to-DorA/Dconverter,arecordingofsomeone'svoicecanbeconvertedintodigital1sand0s.ThedigitalrepresentationofthevoicecanthenbemodifiedbyaDSPusingcomplexmathematicalformulas.Forexample,theDSPalgorithminthecircuitmaybeconfiguredtorecognizegapsbetweenspokenwordsasbackgroundnoiseanddigitallyremoveambientnoisefromthewaveform.Finally,theprocessedsignalcanbeconvertedback（byaD/Aconverter）intoananalogsignalforlistening.Digitalprocessingcanfilteroutbackgroundnoisesofastthatthereisnodiscernibledelayandthesignalappearstobeheardin“realtime.”Forinstance,suchprocessingenables“live”televisionbroadcaststofocusonaquarterback'ssignalsinanAmericangridironfootballgame.DSPsarealsousedtoproducedigitaleffectsonlivetelevision.Forexample,theyellowmarkerlinesdisplayedduringthefootballgamearenotreallyonthefield;aDSPaddsthelinesafterthecamerasshootthepicturebutbeforeitisbroadcast.Similarly,someoftheadvertisementsseenonstadiumfencesandbillboardsduringtelevisedsportingeventsarenotreallythere.

Application-specificICs

Anapplication-specificIC（ASIC）canbeeitheradigitalorananalogcircuit.Astheirnameimplies,ASICsarenotreconfigurable;theyperformonlyonespecificfunction.Forexample,aspeedcontrollerICforaremotecontrolcarishard-wiredtodoonejobandcouldneverbecomeamicroprocessor.AnASICdoesnotcontainanyabilitytofollowalternateinstructions.

Radio-frequencyICs

Radio-frequencyICs（RFICs）arerapidlygainingimportanceincellulartelephonesandpagers.RFICsareanalogcircuitsthatusuallyruninthefrequencyrangeof900MHzto2.4GHz（900millionhertzto2.4billionhertz）.TheyareusuallythoughtofasASICseventhoughsomemaybeconfigurableforseveralsimilarapplications.Mostsemiconductorcircuitsthatoperateabove500MHzcausetheelectroniccomponentsandtheirconnectingpathstointerferewitheachotherinunusualways.Engineersmustusespecialdesigntechniquestodealwiththephysicsofhigh-frequencymicroelectronicinteractions.

MicrowavemonolithicICs

AspecialtypeofRFICisknownasamicrowavemonolithicIC（MMIC）.Thesecircuitsruninthe2.4-to20-GHzrange,ormicrowavefrequencies,andareusedinradarsystems,insatellitecommunications,andaspoweramplifiersforcellulartelephones.

Justassoundtravelsfasterthroughwaterthanthroughair,electronvelocityisdifferentthrougheachtypeofsemiconductormaterial.Siliconofferstoomuchresistanceformicrowave-frequencycircuits,andsothecompoundgalliumarsenide（GaAs）isoftenusedforMMICs.Unfortunately,GaAsismechanicallymuchlesssoundthansilicon.Itbreakseasily,soGaAswafersareusuallymuchmoreexpensivetobuildthansiliconwafers.

Basicsemiconductordesign

Anymaterialcanbeclassifiedasoneofthreetypes:

conductor,insulator,orsemiconductor.Aconductor（suchascopperorsaltwater）caneasilyconductelectri