语法集 英语语法知识辅导讲义.docx
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语法集英语语法知识辅导讲义
第一讲:
冠词
一.定冠词the:
特指;专指;类别
1.上文已经提到的人或物:
**Iborrowedabook,butsoonIreturned____book.
2.说话双方都清楚的人或物:
**Boysandgirls,lookat____blackboardplease!
3.被限制性修饰语所限定的人或物:
**___bookmyfathergavemewasveryuseful.
4.世界上独一无二事物前一般加the,如被adj修饰则用a
注意:
space(太空);nature(自然);society(社会)前零冠词
1)___moonturnsaround____earth.2)Isaw____redsunrisingabovethesea,andsmiledinrelief.
5.the+形容词//分词;表一类人(复谓)或物(单谓)
1)_____richarenotalwayshappy.2)____unknownisyettocome.天有不测风云。
6.用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人或夫妇二人用复谓:
**____Whitesarefondofmusic.
7.用在职业或者人名的所有格之前,表示地点**Youshouldtry___barber’swhereIgo.
8.the用在洋乐器的名词之前;中国传统乐器,棋类,牌类前不加冠词
**Mysonisfondofplaying___violin//pianowhilemydaughterlikesplaying___
er-hu/pi-pa/chess.
9.用在序数词和形容词最高级前面,形容词only,very,same前面
注意:
the+序数词“第几”;a//an+序数词“又一,再一”
**Iwant____thirdapplebecause____secondoneistoosmall.
10.the+比较级强调“两者中较…的一个”**Heis___tallerofthetwoboys.
11.The+比较级,the+比较级“越…,就越”**___sooner,___better.
12.“bythe+度量衡名词n”表示“按…计算”注意:
byweight按重量计算weight前不加the
1).Cleanersinbigcitiesarepaidby____hour//day//week.2).Eggsaresoldby____dozen.
13.抓,打,碰某人身体部位时用在身体部位的名词前:
take//grab//catch//grasp//pat//hitsbby//in//on+the+部位
**Abullethitthesoldierandhewaswoundedin____leg.**Therobberhithimon____head.
14.用在以festival组成的中国传统节日前,但day组成的节日前零冠词。
Children’sDay
1).____Mid---autumnDayis____specialholidaywhenthewholefamilygettogether.
2).TheChinesepaymuchattentionto____SpringFestival.
15.朝代年代世纪的名词前
1).Thelifein___1960sishardandsimple.2).Thecomputerwasinventedin____20thcentury.
3)___SongDynasty
16.方向方位名词前
1).Thehousefacesto____south.2).On___leftofourteachingbuildingisourlibrary.
17.江河湖泊海洋山脉用the;普通名词构成的专有名词用the
Wewillpayavisittosomeplacesofinterest,suchas,___GreatWall,___SummerPalaceand___PalaceMuseum.
注意:
纯专有名词前不加冠词;如果被形容词修饰则加a
Peoplein____Beijingareworkinghardtocreate____newBeijing.
二.不定冠词a/an:
泛指,类别
1.如果第一个音素是辅音则用a;元音音素则用an
__apple,__hour,__umbrella,__university,__X-rayphoto
2.一个=one**Ihave____watch.
3“某个”1).___Mr.Lingwantsyouonthephone.
2).Tedcouldn’tremembertheexactdateofthehurricane,butheknewitwas____Saturdaybecauseeverybodywasatchurch.
4.“同一”=thesame**Thetwoboysareof____age.
5.“每一”表示单位**Youshouldtakemedicinesthreetimes____day.
6.代表一类人或物**____teachermustlovehisstudents.
**不定冠词的特殊位置
rather//quitea+(adj)+单名;a+quite+adj+n
what//such//half+a/an+单名;
so/as/how/too+adj+a/an+单名;
manya/an+单名+单谓
1).Howevercleverastudentyouare,youshouldfollowtheteachers’advice.
2).quiteagoodbook=aquitegoodbook.
三.零冠词的用法:
不可数名词或可数名词复数前表泛指
1.国/地名,人名前Peoplein____Beijingareworkinghardtocreate____newBeijing.
2.不可数名词,可数名词复数前零冠词表泛指;
1).Everyoneneeds____water,unfortunately,___waterherehasbeenseriouslypolluted.
2).AsIknow,youdon’tlike____music.Buthowdoyoulike____musicintheTVplaywesawlastnight?
3.季节、月份、星期等名词之前一般零冠词;如果特指则用the;某一个星期则用a.
1).Itisveryhotin___summer,butitwasnotveryhotin____summerof2014.
2).Ivisitedthetempleon____SundayinMaywhensomepeoplewereatchurch.
4.独一无二职务做表语,补语,同位语时零冠词,作主语时用定冠词the
1).Mr.Han,___headmasterofourschool,visitedAmericalastyear.
2).____headmasterofourschool,Mr.HanvisitedAmericalastyear.
3).Hewaselected____PresidentoftheUnitedstatesin____1990s.
5.一日三餐,球类,棋类,学科名词前一般零冠词;
1).Theyoftenplay____chessastheyhave______supper
2).TheAmericanlikelearning____Chinesenow.
6.turn+n.(单数),表示“变成,成为…”
Heturned____doctor(=became____doctor)attheageof25.
7.by与交通工具连用bybus/train
8.as//though表“尽管”引导让步状语从句倒装时名词前零冠词
Althoughheis___child,heknowsalot.=____Childasheis,heknowsalot.
四.冠词的活用
1.抽象名词具体化:
一阵,一种,一场,一个
1)._____failureisthemotherof_____success2).He//Themeetingis____success//failure
2.the+序数词“第几”a+序数词“又一再一”
Itis____thirdtimethathehaswatchedthefilm,buthewantstowatch____fourthtime.
3.themostbeautifulgirl最美的女孩amostbeautifulgirl一个非常美的女孩
4.十五大金刚:
永远不能与a连用
顺口溜:
看完天气、信息、有趣、消息,听着建议的音乐,我健康的工作并幸运取得很大进步。
一个家具,一个设备,两个行李都是财富
weather;information;fun;news;advice;music;health;work;luck;progress.furniture;equipment;luggage;baggage;wealth.
固定搭配
1.allthetime一直2.attheageof….在…岁时候3.intheday在白天4.atthefootof在…的脚下5.atthemoment此时6.ontheradio通过无线电7.bytheway顺便说8.intheend最后终于9.inthedistance在远处10.onthecontrary相反
有无冠词的区别:
attable在吃饭
atthetable在桌子旁
atschool上学
attheschool在学校
byday白天
bytheday按日计算
gotobed上床睡觉
gotothebed朝床边走去
inchargeof掌管
inthechargeof在..掌管之中
inplaceof取代
intheplaceof在..的位置上
infrontof…在..的前面
inthefrontof在..内部的前面
outofquestion毫无疑问
outofthequestion不可能
takeplace发生
taketheplaceof取代
inprison//hospital住院//在监狱里
inthehospital//prison在医院//监狱里
gotochurch//bed//hospital//prison//school
做礼拜/睡觉//住院//坐牢//上学
gotothechurch//bed//hospital//prison//school
到教堂//医院//监狱//学校去
能力提升:
一.语法填空
1.Ilookedunder____bedandfound____bookIlostlastweek.
2.---It’ssaidthatJohnwillbeinajobpayingover$60,000___year.
---Right,hewillalsogetpaidby___week.
3.Thereareover58,000rockyobjectsin___space,about900ofwhichcouldfalldownonto____earth.
4.Thisareaexperienced____heaviestrainfallin____monthofMay.
5.Thevisitorsherearegreatlyimpressedbythefactthat____peoplefromallwalksoflifeareworkinghardfor____newJiangsu.
6.Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby____seainsteadofdrivingacross____continent.
7.Samhasbeenappointed____manageroftheengineeringdepartmenttotake____placeofGeorge.
8.MarcoPoloissaidtohavesailedon____PacificOceanonhiswaytoJavain_____thirteenthcentury.
9.Asisknowntoall,___People’sRepublicofChinais____biggestdevelopingcountryintheworld.
10.In___unexpectedtwist(扭伤),Ibecamethepatient.
11.Heis_____universitystudent.
12.Lihua,____18---year---oldstudent,studiesatShenzhenBao’anHighSchool.
13.As___result,personalsafetylessonsareverynecessary.
14.Heis___firsttogetdressedandalwayslooksneat.
二.改错题
(1)Hersister,whoisnurse,willmarryoneofthedoctorsinthehospital.
(2)Itwassuchwonderfuldinnerthatweenjoyeditverymuch.
(3)Itwasraininghard,soIhadtoborrowaumbrella.
(4)MyfriendMarycomesfromanEuropeancountry.
(5)MrSmithusedtobephysicsteachertillheturnedwriter.
(6)Insmallvillagelikethis,everybodyknowseverybodyelse.
(7)Onlyfewofthechildrencanreadsuchbooks.
(8)Forlongtimeneitherofusspoketoeachother.
(9)Look,agirlinblueismycousin.
(10)Look!
Acarhasstoppedthere.Acarisbeautiful.
(11)Sheaskedwhetherwecamefromasamecity.
(12)Themountainwascoveredwiththesnowalltheyearround.
(13)Youdon‘tknowwhatwonderfultimewe’vehad.
(14)Peoplemadethefunofherbecausesheworesuchstrangeclothes.
(15)Soontheplanewasoutofthesight.
(16)Greatchangeshavetakentheplaceinmyhometownsince1978.
(17)Intheword,heisagoodstudentandallofuslikehim.
(18)Yousayyoutookthebookwithouthispermission.Intheotherwords,youstoleit.
(19)Whataterribleweatherwehavebeenhaving!
(20)HemadeagreatprogressinEnglish.
keys:
一.定冠词:
1.the2.The3.the4.1)The;the2).a5.1).the2).the6.The7.the8.the;X9.a;the10.the11.The;the12.the;the13.the;the14.1).X;a2).the15.1)the2).the16.1).the2).the17.the,the,the,X,a
二.不定冠词:
1.an;an;an,a;an2.a3.1).A2).a4.an5.a6.A;The
三.零冠词:
1.X;a2.1).X;theX;the3.1).X;the2).a4.1).X2).The3)X;the5.1).X;X2).X6.a;a8.a;X
四.冠词的活用1.1)X;X2).a2.the;a
能力提升:
一.冠词语法填空:
1.the;the2.a;the3.X;the4.the;the5.X;a6.X;the7.X;the8.the;the9.the;the10.an11.a12.an13.a14.the
二.冠词改错题
(1)nurse前加a
(2)such后加a(3)a改为an(4)an改为a(5)physics前加a,(6)small前加a,(7)few前加a(8)long前加a(9)a改为the(10)第二个A改为The(11)a改为the(12)去掉the,在此snow为泛指用法。
(13)wonderful前加a(14)去掉the(15)去掉第二个the(16)去掉the(17)the改为a(18)去掉the(19—20).去掉a
第二讲:
代词
考点一.人称代词
主格:
you,I,he,she,they,we做主语
宾格:
you,me,him,her,them,us做宾语表语
It的用法:
1.在特定的环境中,it可指人,如婴儿性别不详细或身份不明的人。
2.代指前面所提到的名词
3.表示天气、时间、距离、温度等
4.it做形式主语、宾语代指todo不定式;代指doing;代指that从句
5.it在强调句中
6.固定句型中takeiteasy别着急;makeit成功;assbputsit正如某人所说;whenitcomesto当提到…时
跟踪练习:
1.____wasreportedthatalargenumberofpeoplegotkilledin5.12Sichuanearthquake.
2.Whatabeautifulbaby----is___aboy?
3.____isabout15minutes’walkfromheretothebar.
4.I’dappreciate___ifyoucouldtakemyapplicationintoconsideration.
5.____wasinGuangzhouthatthe16thAsianGameswereheld.
6._____isnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.
7.Scienceandtechnologymakes___easyforustogetthelatestnewsbothathomeandabroad.
8.Ihate___whenpeoplespeakwiththeirmouthsfull.
9.Iboughtanewphoneyesterday,unfortunately,Ilost___thismorning.
考点二:
物主代词
形容词性物主代词:
my,your,his,her,our,their,its多做定语位于所修饰名词前
名词性物主代词:
mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs做主宾表=one’s+n
跟踪练习
1.Ilikeyourcoatthan____(我的)2.Sheisafriendof____她是我的一个朋友。
3.Theyoungshouldgive____seatstotheold.
考点三:
反身代词:
myself//yourself//himself//herself//themselves//ourselves主语和宾语是同一个人或物时,宾语用反身代词
跟踪练习
1.—WhowantedtoseemewhileIwasout?
---Amancalling____Tom.
2.Ican’texpress_____owingtomyexcitement.
考点四:
相互代词
eachother:
两者之间的彼此oneanother:
三者或三者以上的彼此。
考点五:
指示代词that–those;this---these
1.打电话时this表示自己that表示对方
2.that即可代指单数可数名词也可代指不可数名词=the+名词
3.those=the+可数名词复数
4.so用作代词可代替前面肯定的句子,常做think,believe,hope,suppose,guess等词的宾语。
跟踪练习
1.Theweatherin