大学四级433.docx

大学四级433.docx

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大学四级433

大学四级-433

（总分：

703.00，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、{{B}}PartⅠWriting{{/B}}（总题数：

1，分数：

99.00）

1.{{B}}ALetterofConsolation{{/B}}1．询问同学病情，表示关切2．谈谈班级近况，表达思念之情3．表达希望同学早日康复返校的良好祝愿

（分数：

99.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：

（）

解析：

{{B}}SampleWritingALetterofConsolation{{/B}}Dearfriend,Areyoufeelinganybetterthesedays?

We'reallconcernedaboutyourhealth.PerhapsIdon'tknowexactlywhatillnessfeelslike,butIguessthatthedaysinhospitalmustbeboring.Ithasbeenthreeweekssinceyouleftandallyourroommateshavestartedtomissyouandyourjokes.Youalwayshadafunnystorytotellatbedtimeinthedorm.Howweenjoyeditall!

Overthepastthreeweeks,nothingmuchhashappened.Everybodyisbusywithstudysincethemid-termexamsarearoundthecorner.Youneedn'tworrytoomuchaboutmissingtheexam.Theteacherknowsallaboutyourcaseandshetoldmethatamakeuptestcouldbearrangedwhenyouareback.Valuableasthestudyis,moreimportantisyourownbody.Don'tworrytoomuchaboutlessons.Iwillkeepallthenotesinclassforyou,andwhenyouarebackatschoolI'llhelpyoutocatchup.Besuretofollowtheadvicesofthedoctorandmakeapointofdoingsomeexerciseseveryday.WhatIwanttosayisthatwe,thefriendsaroundyou,arewaitingforyourcomingback.YoursSincerelyWuYeqiong

二、{{B}}PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）{{/B}}（总题数：

1，分数：

70.00）

{{B}}PlasticBagPollution{{/B}}

Theuseofplasticbagshasincreasedatanalarmingratesincetheybecamepopularinthe1980s.Bigblackbinliners,plasticcarrierbagscarryingadvertisinglogos,clearsandwichbagsandavarietyofotherforms.They'relightweight,handyandeasilydiscarded.Tooeasilydiscarded.Justtakealookaroundyou.Plasticbagscanbeseenhangingfromthebranches,flyingintheair,settledamongstbushesandfloatingonrivers.Theyblockupdrainscausingwaterandsewagetooverflowandbecomethebreedinggroundsofbacteriathatcausediseases.

Plasticbagsaredifficultandcostlytorecycleandmostenduponlandfillsiteswheretheytakearound300yearstodecay.Theybreakdownintotinytoxic（有毒的）particlesthatpollutethesoilandwaterwaysandenterthefoodchainwhenanimalsaccidentallyconsumethem.Buttheproblemssurroundingwasteplasticbagsstartlongbeforetheydecay.Ourplanetisbecomingincreasinglyendangeredbyourover-useofplasticbags.

{{B}}ProductionofPlasticBags{{/B}}

Plasticbagsaremadefromethylene（乙烯）,agasthatisproducedasaby-productofoil,gasandcoalproduction.Ethyleneismadeintopolymers（聚合体）--chainsofethylenemolecules--calledpolyethylene.Thissubstance,alsoknownaspolythene,isusedtoproducearangeofitems,includingplasticbags.

Youhaveprobablynoticedtwotypesofplasticshoppingbags--thelighter,filmybagsyougetfromsupermarketsandfoodoutlets,andtheheavierbagsfromotherretailoutlets,likeclothingstores.Thesupermarketbagsaremadefromhighdensitypolyethylene（HDPE）,whilethethickerbagsaremadefromlowdensitypolyethylene（LDPE）.UnlikeHDPE,LDPEcannotberecycled.

Whileplasticbagsmaynotbethemosthightechapplicationofplasticstechnology,itiscertainlyoneofthemostprevalent.AccordingtoCleanUpAustralia,Australiansuseinexcessof6billionplasticbagsperyear.Iftiedtogetherthesebagswouldformachainthatislongenoughtogoaroundtheworld37times.Morethanhalfofthesebags（3.6billion）aremadefromHDPE.

{{B}}DangerstoSeaLife{{/B}}

Plasticbagsarenowamongstthetop12itemsofwastesmostoftenfoundalongthecoastlines.Animalsandseacreaturesarehurtandkilledeverydaybydiscardedplasticbags--adeadturtlewithaplasticbaghangingfromitsmouthisn'tapleasantsightbutmistakingplasticbagsforfoodiscommonplaceamongstmarineanimals.Plasticblockstheirintestines（肠道）andleadstoslowstarvation.Othersbecomeentangledinplasticbagsanddrown.

Becauseplasticbagstakehundredsofyearstobreakdown,everyyearourseasbecome"home"tomoreandmorebagsthatfindtheirwaytherethroughoursewersandwaterways.Everybagthat'swasheddownadrainduringrainfallendsupinthesea;everybagthat'sflusheddownatoiletendsupinthesea;everybagthat'sblownintoariverwillmostlikelyendupinthesea.Onedisquietingfactstemmingfromthisisthatplasticbagscanbecomeserialkillers.Onceananimaldiesofplasticbags,itdecaysatamuchfasterratethanthebag.Oncetheanimalhasdecomposed,thebagisreleasedbackintotheenvironmentmoreorlessintact,readytobeeatenbyanothermisguidedorganism.Theincrediblyslowrateofdecayofplasticbagsalsomeansthateachbagweusecompoundstheproblem,becausethebagssimplyaccumulate.

{{B}}PollutionTaxes&Bans{{/B}}

Differentcountrieshaveadoptedarangeofapproachestodiscouragetheuseofplasticbagsinanattempttocutdownonthenumberofbagsfindingtheirwayintotheenvironment.InSouthAfricaforinstance,whereanestimatedeightbillionplasticbagsareusedannually,thegovernmenthasimplementednewregulationsthatwillseeonlythicker,moredurableplasticbagsproduced.Aswellasmakingthemmoresuitableforreuse,itishopedthattheextracostassociatedwiththeirproductionandsupplywillpreventretailersgivingthehigherqualitybagsaway,makingtheiruseamoreexpensiveoptionforconsumers.

TheuseofplasticbagsisbeingdiscouragedinotherplacessuchasSingaporeandTaiwan,whilethetaximposedontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsinIrelandhasresultedintheuseofplasticshoppingbagsbeingreducedby900/0injustsixmonths.Priortothe15eurocentperbagtax,itwasestimatedthat1.2millionplasticshoppingbagswerebeinghandedoutinIrelandperyear.Themoneyraisedfromthetaxwillbeusedtofundenvironmentalinitiatives.

Whileanythingthatlowersourconsumptionisgood,whywaituntilwe'rehitfinanciallybeforewechangeourhabitswhenchangesaren'tdifficulttomake?

Howabouttakingpreviouslyusedbagswithyounexttimeyougototheshops?

Orevenbetter--turnbacktimeanddoasgrandmadidandtakeabamboobasketwithyoueverytimeyougoshopping.Shop-ownerswouldratheryouusetheirbagsasthey'reaconvenientandcheapformofadvertising,butwhat'smoreimportant,shareholderprofitsortheenvironment?

Plasticbagscanbere-cycledalthoughonlyaboutoneinevery200everfindsitswaytoare-cyclingunit.Findoutifthere'sare-cyclingbinnearyouand,ifnot,askyourlocalauthorityforone.

{{B}}GreenhouseGases{{/B}}

Somecountrieshaveintroducedso-called"environmentallyfriendlyplasticbags"thatarebiodegradable（可生物降解）.Thesebagstakeaboutthreeyearstobreakdownintopracticallynothingandwhilethatsoundslikeanattractivesolution,thetruthisthattheprocessofbreakingdownthesepetrol-basedbagscausescarbontobecomemethane（甲烷）whichisagreenhousegas.

It'salsopossibletoget"plastic"bagsmanufacturedfromcorn.Thesebreakdownveryquicklyandgiveoffnomoremethanethananyothercornproductonlandfillsites.Unfortunately,they'remoreexpensivetoproduceandfewshopsusethem.

{{B}}GarbageBins{{/B}}

Onequestionthat'softenraisedinconnectionwiththeplasticbagdilemmaiswhatshouldbeusedtolinebinsifnotplasticbags?

Toanswerthat,let'sgobackintimetowhenplasticbagswereyettobecomecommonplace.Whatdidwedoe.

Forone,wehadfarlessgarbage.Goodshadmuchlesspackagingthanisthecasetodaysowedidn'tfillourbinsasquickly.Peelings,eggshells,teabagsandcoffeegroundswereallusedascompost（肥料）forcrops,aswasanypaperthatwasn'tneededforlightingfires.Whatwasleftwentintoanunlinedbinwithanythingdirtyorwetbeingwrappedinnewspaperfirst.

Ifwechoosecarefullywhenshoppingsoasnottobringhomemorepackagingthannecessary--there'sreallynopointinbringingithomejusttothrowitstraightinthebinwhenweunpack,theamountofwastethatgoesintothekitchenbinwillbehalved,atleast.

{{B}}IndividualEffort{{/B}}

Byrefusingtouseplasticbags,youcanmakeahugedifferencetothepollutionproblem.Rememberthateachpersonusesabout83bagsayear.Iftherearefourpeopleinyourfamily,that's332plasticbagslesseveryyear.That's332bagslessthatwill:

--releasetoxinsintothegroundwaterfromlandfillsites

--stayintheenvironmentforhundredsofyears

--getintothefoodchainthroughanimals

--wasteenergyduringthemanufacturingprocess

--killanyoftheestimated100,000marineanimalsthatdieeachyearofplasticpollution

Theseareall-importantfactorsthathaveaprofoundeffectonourenvironmentandthecreaturesweshareourplanetwith.Shouldwereallyputourownselfishneedsbeforetheneedsofeverythingaroundusnowandthelivesoffuturegenerations?

That'suptoyoutodecide.

（分数：

70.00）

（1）.Thepassagemainlydiscussesthefactorsleadingtoplasticbagpollution..（分数：

7.00）

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

N）

解析：

全文主旨题。

浏览各小标题可知，本文不仅分析了塑料袋的化学成分及其对环境造成的危害，还着重讨论了塑料袋污染的应对措施。

（2）.Manyfood-carryingbags,madefromhighdensitypolyethylene,areextremelydifficulttorecycle.（分数：

7.00）

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

N）

解析：

参见“ProductionofPlasticBags”部分第二段。

（3）.Theplasticbagswerefirstproducedinthe1970sandgrewincreasinglypopularsincethe1980s.（分数：

7.00）

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

NG）

解析：

本文第一句提到塑料袋自20世纪80年代开始普及（．．．sincetheybecamepopularinthe1980s），但并未指出一定是在20世纪?

0年代开始第一次生产。

（4）.Discardedplasticbagsmaybecomehorribleserialkillersforanimalsbecauseoftheirincrediblyslo