专业八级分类模拟435.docx

专业八级分类模拟435.docx

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专业八级分类模拟435

专业八级分类模拟435

（总分：

58.92，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、PARTⅠREADINGCOMPREHENSION（总题数：

1，分数：

30.00）

SECTIONAMULTIPLE-CHOICEQUESTIONS

Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyfourteenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.

PASSAGEONE

（1）Ifyoudropyourlaptopcomputer,achipbuiltintoitwillsensetheaccelerationandprotectthedelicatemovingpartsofitsharddiskbeforeithitstheground.AgroupofresearchersledbyJesseLawrenceofStanfordUniversityareputtingthesameaccelerometerchiptoanintriguingnewuse:

detectingearthquakes.Theyplantocreateanetworkofvolunteerlaptopsthatcanmapoutfuturequakesinfargreaterdetailthantraditionalseismometersmanage.

（2）Seismometersarelarge,expensivebeasts,costing$10,000ormoreapiece.Theyaredesignedtobeexquisitelysensitivetothesortofvibrationsanearthquakeproduces,whichmeanstheycanpickuptremorsthatbeganhalfwayaroundtheworld.Bycontrast,theaccelerometerchipsinlaptops,whichhaveevolvedfromthoseusedtodetectwhenacarisinacollisionandthustriggerthereleaseoftheairbags,arerathercrudedevices.Theyare,however,ubiquitous.Almostallmodemlaptopshavethemandtheyareevenfindingtheirwayintomobilephones.TheiPhone,forexample,usessuchachiptodetectitsorientationsothatitcanrotateitsdisplayandthusmakeiteasilyreadable.

（3）Onitsown,anaccelerometerchipinalaptopisnotveryusefulforearthquake-detection,asitcannotdistinguishbetweenaquakeandallsortsofothervibrations—theusertappingawayatthekeyboard,forexample.Butiflotsofthesechipsareconnectedtoacentralserverviatheinternet,theirresponsescanbecompared.Andifalargenumberinaparticularplaceregisteravibrationatalmostthesametime,itismorelikelytobeanearthquakethanabunchofusersallhittingtheirspacebars.Toexploitthisgroupeffect,DrLawrence"sQuake-CatcherNetwork（QCN）employsthesamesoftwarethatisusedbytheSETI@homeproject,whichaggregatescomputingpowerfromhundredsofthousandsofvolunteercomputersaroundtheworldtoanalyzeradio-telescopesignalsforsignsofextraterrestrialintelligence.

（4）DrLawrenceandhiscolleagueshavealreadydemonstratedthattheQCNworks.ItdetectedaquakenearReno,Nevada,inApril,andonenearLosAngelesinJuly.Merelydetectingaquake,however,isnotthepoint.Seismometerscandothat.Tobeuseful,theQCNneedstobeabletodothingsthatseismometerscannot.

（5）Oneofthosethingsistomeasurethemaximumamountofgroundshaking.Thesensitivityofseismometersmeansthatstrongsignalswoulddamagethemiftheywerenotdesignedto"clip"suchsignalswhentheyexceedacertainthreshold.Thepricepaidisthatinformationaboutstrong,nearbyearthquakesislost.Laptopaccelerometersaremorerobust.Thoughtheycannot,ifinAmerica,tellyouanythingaboutanearthquakeinChina,theycansometimesdobetterthanconventionalkitwhenmeasuringlocalquakes.

（6）Thenetwork"ssecondbenefitisofsheernumbers.Thisshouldallowtheconstructionoffarmoredetailedmapsoftheup-and-downandside-to-sidemotionsinducedbyearthquakes.Thesevaryalotfromquaketoquake,andthatmeansthedamagedonebyaquakeofanygivenstrengthisalsovariable.Abetterunderstandingofhowmovementanddamagerelatemighthelpbothbuildingdesignandtownplanninginearthquakezones.

（7）Ofcourse,forthattowork,youhavetoknowwhereeachlaptopwasatthemomentofthequake.Ideally,thisinformationwouldcomefromaGlobalPositioningSystemdevicefittedwithinthelaptop,butfewcomputershavethematthemoment.Intheirabsence,informationautomaticallysuppliedaboutthesiteofthenearestrouter（anetworkdevicethatcomputersusetoconnecttothewiderinternet）givesaroughlocation.Thisisimperfect,butpoolingthedatafromlotsoflaptopsmeansthatlocationerrorscanbedetectedstatisticallyanderroneousdatadiscarded.

（8）Ifthatcanbedonequicklyenough,theQCNcouldbringathird—andmostvaluable—benefit:

warning.Thespeedofinternetcommunication,coupledwithaschemeforuploadingdatafromeachcomputeratbriefintervals,meansthatDrLawrence"snetworkcouldissueanearthquakewarningwithinseconds.Thatisfasterthantraditionalseismometernetworks,whichupdatelessregularly,and,aboveall,ismuchfasterthanseismicwavestravel.Warningscouldthusbebroadcasttoplacestheearthquakewaveshadnotyetreached,givingpeoplevitaltimetofindaplaceofrefuge.

（9）Atthemoment,theQCNhasabout1,500participatingcomputers.But,ashappenedwithSETI@home,theresearchersexpectnumberstogrowonceknowledgeoftheprojectspreads:

qcn.stanford.edu,forthosewhowanttojoininthefun.

PASSAGETWO

（1）Damnyou,tallpeople.Theyblockyourviewatthemovietheater.They"reapaintoshopfor:

WhoreallywantstodragthemselvestotheBig&TalltobuyUncleLurchapairofextra-longpants?

They"retheoneswithbetterchancesofbecomingprobasketballplayers,orsupermodels.

（2）Squirtsprobablydon"tneedanymorereasonstoenvytheirlonger-limbedneighbors.Unfortunately,anewstudyjustaddedtotheindignityofshortpeople.AccordingtoapaperfromtheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch,bothmenandwomenwhoareaboveaverageheight—5ft.10in.formales,5ft.4in.forfemales—reporthigherlevelsofhappinessthansmallerpeople.

（3）Inthestudy,menwhocalltheirlivesthe"worstpossible"arenearlyaninchshorterthantheaverageman.Thewomenmostdowninthedumpsarehalfaninchsmaller,onaverage,thantheaveragewoman.Tallerpeoplesaytheyaremorecontent,andarelesslikelytoreportarangeofnegativeemotionslikesadnessandphysicalpain."Happinessisjustonemorethingthattallerpeoplehavegoingforthem,"saysAngusDeaton,aPrincetoneconomistandco-authorofthestudy,whostandsasmug6ft.4in.（Fulldisclosure:

I,too,amabout6ft.4in.,butIwillrefrainfrommockingshrimpsinthisstory.）

（4）Whyaretallpeoplehappier?

AccordingtoDeaton"sanalysis,theresultislinkedtoeducationandincome.Thestudyfoundthattallerpeopletendtohavemoreeducation,andthushigherincomelevels,thanshorterpeople.Itfollowsthatthesmarter,richertallpeoplewouldbesunnierthantheirverticallychallengedcompatriots."Moneybuysenjoymentandhigherlifeevaluation,"saysDeaton."Itbuysoffstress,anger,worryandpain.Incomeisthething!

"

（5）Togainsomereal-worldinsightintothesestats,IcalledthefirstsmartshortpersonIcouldthinkof,afriendnamedMiltonLee.Despitewhatthesestudiesindicate,smartshortpeopledoexist.Milt,agraduateoftheUniversityofPennsylvania,madeakillingasaWallStreettraderinthe1990s,butquitfinancetochasehisdreamofbecomingabasketballcoach.HehastrainedmanyNBAplayers,includingthisyear"stopdraftpick,Oklahoma"sBlakeGriffin,andevenlandedanassistantcoachinggigfortheLosAngelesClippers"summer-leagueteam.

（6）DespitegivingupanhealthyWallStreetincome,Lee,whoclaimshe"s5ft.9in.butadmitstobeing5ft.8in.whenpressed,considershimselfcontent."I"mnottotallybuyingit,"hesaysofthestudy."I"mbelowaverageheight,andhaveabove-averagehappiness."Inhisbasketballwork,Leespendsalotoftimearoundwell-compensatedhumantrees,anddoesn"talwaysseesmilingfaces."ThereareplentyofNBAplayerswhoareabsolutelymiserable,"Leesays."Theywantmoreplayingtime,theyfeelunderappreciated.Onlyadozenorsoguysfeelthattheyaretrulyloved."

（7）InhisWallStreetdays,Leesawplentyofrich,happyshortpeopleandwealthy,depressedtallpeople.Hedoesofferonereasonwhytallermenmightbehappier."WheneverI"moutwithtallguys,theytendtogetmoreattentionfromwomen,"saysLee."Youneverheargirlssay,"Hey,I"mreallyintoshortguys.""

（8）Leedirectedmetooneoftheplayershecoaches,ColemanCollins,forthesmart,tallguy"sperspective.WhenItoldhimLeequestionedthefindings,Collins,whois6ft.9in.,wasn"tsurprised."Shortpeoplearealwaysreadytodisagree,"saysCollins,whograduatedfromVirginiaTechwhenhewas19,afterjustthreeyears,andplayedfortheschool"sbasketballteam.Hepointsoutthathehasmanyshortfriends."Generallyspeaking,I"vefoundthattheyaremorelikelytohaveachipontheirshoulder,morelikelytohavesomethingtoprove,"Collinssays.

（9）Collins,now23,supportsthestudy"sresults."I"mgenerallyinagoodmood,"hesays."AndbasedontheanecdotalevidenceI"veseen,tallpeoplehaveamorepleasantdispositionandaremoreeasygoing.Theydon"thavetomakeanextraefforttocommandattention.Whentheywalkintoaroom,ittendstocomenaturallytothem."Suchrecognitionsurelyhelpsyourself-esteem.Ifonlyitwasn"ttoolateforyoushortpeopletohaveagrowthspurt.

PASSAGETHREE

（1）MONDAY"SSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld"slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits.

（2）Theunderlyingissue,whichtheSupremeCourthasnowratified,isWal-Mart"sauthoritarianstyle,bywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerks,stockersandlower-tiermanagers.

（3）Indeed,thesexd