剪枝法山西中考英语.docx

剪枝法山西中考英语.docx

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剪枝法山西中考英语

中考英语辅导讲义

（剪枝法）

2016年7月

英语阅读方法之剪枝法

一、剪掉“介词+名词”

众所周知，任何一句话都分“主要要素”和“细节要素”。

什么是主要要素呢？

什么是次要要素呢？

主要要素：

细节要素：

细节要素一般以“介词+名词”的形式体现出来。

因此解读一个句子的时候，把介词短语部分删除后再进行阅读的话，就能轻而易举地掌握句子的核心内容。

（1）“基本介词+名词”剪枝

Englishisimportantinlife,becausepeoplecangetahighersalarywithEnglishskill.

ThestreetsofNewYorkarefilledwithforeigntouristsinthesummer.

Ienjoyshoppingwithmyfriendsatamallnearourneighborhood.

ThenameofthebuildingonFifthAvenueisTrumpTower.

Heplacedthepaintingagainstawallofthegallery.

Adepartmentstoreinourtownwillbetorndownbyworkersintwoweeks.

Thereisabookcaféwithacoolinterioronthecornerofthenextblock.

（2）“需要注意的介词+名词”剪枝

什么是需要注意的介词呢？

Peoplelovebrand-nameitemssuchasthosebyGucciandNikebecauseoftheirstylishdesign.

Likeunlike

Despiteincluding

Regardingbecauseof

Duetoinadditionto

Accordingtosuchas

Inregardtowithregardto

Regardlessofinspiteof

Astooutof

Alongwithas

Since

KevinhastraveledtomanycountriesincludingFrance,Italy,andGreece.

UnliketheSouthKoreans,theJapanesestudentsinthisclassareshy.

Regardlessoftheirage,manypeopledreamaboutromance.

ThishotelroominLasVegascostsfourhundreddollars,includingtax.

ParentsinSouthKoreaoftensendtheirchildrentoothercountriestotakelanguagecoursesdespitethehighcosts.

Smallinsectslikespiderscanbedangerous.

（3）“介词+名词扩充”剪枝

Isawamoviewithmyclosefriend,Ichosethemovie《国家代表》amongmanymoviesinculding《海云台》，Themoviewasmyfavoriteofalltime.

Hekissedawomanwithverylonghair.

Hollywoodcelebritiesliveinluxuriousmansions.

Switzerlandissurroundedbymuchstrongercountries.

Moviesconveymessagesinmanydifferentways.

Beyoncewastheleadmemberofaverypopularfemalegroup.

Despitethehorriblyshockingnews,everyonedidtheirbest.

（4）“介词+代词”剪枝

AfterourtriptoLondon,weknewourtruefeelingsabouteachother,Loveisdifficulttome.

KingKongmetagirlwithblondehair.

Jeremyintroducedafriendofhistohisparents.

Vanillamuffinsweredistributedforfreetopeopleintheparade.

Thegirlwiththewhitehatisafriendofmine.

Themenwithblacksunglassesknoweverythingaboutus.

（5）“介词+动名词”剪枝

Ihaddifficultyinparking,butmyboyfriendhelpedmebygivingmesomeadvice.

YoucanimproveyourEnglishbyreadingmanybooksinEnglish.

Thedirectoriscommittedtomakinganawesomemovieonatightbudget.

Mostpeopleareveryinterestedinmakinglotsofmoney.

Thegirlwasinshockafterseeingascaryghost.

Thisjobisdifferentfromwritinganovel.

Duringthebusridetothemall,hefocusedhisattentiononsolvingmathproblems.

（6）“介词+名词性从句”剪枝

It’snowonderthatyoudon’tunderstandher.Therearedifferencesinhowmenandwomentalk.

Theboyremembersnothingaboutwherehewasborn.

Touristsarecuriousaboutwhenthecastlewasbuilt.

Singaporeisinterestedinhowitcanluremoretourists.

IhaveaquestionaboutwhypeopleloveNikesneakers.

HarryPotterwasworriedaboutwhetherhecouldwintheQuidditchgame.

Thereisadifferenceinhoweachofthemfeels.

二、剪掉“副词”的修饰

句子“谁，做了，什么”中，是由“主语+谓语动词+宾语”这样的核心要素体现出来的，如果想附加或强调一些内容，就要用副词。

使用副词，意思能更详细，但要快速掌握文章的核心内容，就没有必要度副词。

（1）“以-ly结尾的副词”剪枝

IreallyloveLeeHyoRi.SheisthehottestwomanamongallSouthKoreansingers.Idesperatelywanttoseeherinconcert.

Thewomaninblackwalkedslowlytowardme.

Thehouseonthehillisuniquelyshaped.

MichaelPhelpsswimsreallyfast.

Suddenlythemanstoodupinthemovietheather.

Accidentally,shebecamedeeplyinvolvedinadangerousCIAmission

AntoniGaudicreatedmanyuniquearchitecturalworks,primarilyinSpain.

（2）“时间副词/需要注意的副词”剪枝

除了“形容词+ly”形式的副词外，还有很多形式的副词。

这类副词也是作为附加的信息加入句子中的，所以给这些词剪枝对提高阅读速度有帮助。

表示时间的副词：

yesterday，tomorrow，tonight，today，yet，already

表示程度的副词：

very，much，quite，pretty，ever，so

表示频度的副词：

sometimes，usually，often，always

也作形容词使用的副词：

hard，late，early，fast

但要注意，副词中有一些是不能剪枝的，seldom，never等具有否定意思的副词，连接副词however等表示转折意义的副词，如果剪枝，句子的意思就会歪曲。

Mybossisprettypicky,Everyoneinmyofficehateshimverymuch.

Hegavemeagorgeouspresentthismorning.

Isellmyoldstuffatafleamarketeverymorning.

Hecalledheronceyesterday

Themanwasstillfrozenwithfear.

Thismathproblemisquitedifficultforme.

Mymotheralwaysgetsupearlytopreparebreakfast.

三、剪掉“动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词”的修饰

句子中主语和宾语应该用名词。

如果想更生动地描述这些名词，其后可以接修饰三兄弟动词不定式（to），现在分词（ing）和过去分词（ed）。

修饰名词的三兄弟剪枝后，句子的核心就显露出来。

（1）名词后“动名词”剪枝

IhavenoboyfriendtomeetandnomoneytospendovertheChristmasholiday

Disneylandisanidealplacetovisitonavacation

Hollywoodactionmoviesarefuntowatchontheweekend.

Parisisawonderfulcitytogoshoppingwithyourfriends.

Shestudiedabroadtobroadenherhorizons.

ManystudentsgoabroadtoimprovedtheirEnglish.

Youshouldtryscubadivingtoenjoytheunderwaterbeauty.

（2）名词后“现在分词”剪枝

Ihaveamentorgivingyouadvice.Ifeelluckytohaveamentorinmylife.

Therearemanyjobseekerslookingforagoodposition.

SomepeoplestudyingEnglishinCanadacanenjoybeautifulsceneryeveryday.

Shewastheonewinningfirstprizeatverybeautypageant.

Supermodelswearinggorgeousoutfitsoftenadornwomen’smagazinecovers.

YouwillseemanyexchangestudentsstudyingatUCLA.

TherewereseveralpolicedepartmentsinvestigatingMichaelJackson’sdeath.

（3）名词后“过去分词”剪枝

Starcraftisapopulargamelovedbymanypeople.ThereisevenagamechannelonTVfeaturingonlinebattles.

StarcraftisapopulargamedevelopedbyBlizzardEntertainment.

Secretisabestsellerlovedbyreadersinmanycountries.

Sheknowsofaprivateplacehiddenamongthetress.

Babiesoftenhavefeelingssharedbytheirmothers.

ThemoviewastheoriginalonemadeinFrance.

HeisthemostfamousSouthKoreanpoetknowninEurope.

四、剪掉“关系词+主语+动词”的修饰

名词后不仅能接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词，还能接“关系词+从句”。

“关系词+从句”也是为了修饰或者限定前面的名词。

“关系词+从句”就像侍女一样紧随着名词，是表明附加信息的“侍女从句”，因此阅读的时候可以先剪掉在阅读。

（1）表示人的名词后“who/whose/whom/that…”剪枝

Themanwhoiswearingablackshirtlikesthegirlwhohaslonghair.

HelikesstudentswhostudyEnglishhard.

Igotmarriedtoaguywhoisveryintelligent.

Shewantsafriendwhomshecantrust.

Heknowssomebodywhosehobbyisplayinggolf.

Wesawamanthatpeopleadmire.

ParisHiltonisawomanwhohasmanycritics.

（2）表示物的名词后“which/whose（+ofwhich）/that…”剪枝

MostpeoplelikeGoogle,whichprovidesmuchinformation.

Peopleneedinformationfortheirlives,sopeoplelikeGoogle,whichprovidesmuchinformation.

Thatisabookwhichisshocking.

Sheneedsadictionarywhichiseasytocarry.

Londonisacitywhichtouristslove.

Iwantahousewhosewindowsareverylarge.

Ababyneedsatoythathecanhold.

ThewebsiteGoogleoffersmanyhelpfulserviceswhichpeoplelike.

（3）名词后“介词+关系代词/where/when/why…”剪枝

Iknowagreatcaféwherewecanwatchmovies.Let’sgotothatcafé.

Iliketoavoidplaceswheremanypeoplegather.

TheroomwhereIliveisverysmall.

Istilldon’tknowthereasonwhyheisangryatme.

Rememberthedaywhenyouhavetoseeyourprofessor.

Thedepartmentstorewheremanytouristsshophasalovelycafé.

Thereasonwhyweneedhimisbeingkeptasecret.

五、剪掉“连词+主语+动词”的修饰

主语和谓语在句子中只出现一次，称为“简单句”，主语和谓语出现两次，称为“复合句”。

简单句只含有一个句子，未免有些单调，所以可以用“主句+状语从句”来使句子内容丰富些，但句子的核心内容仍在主句中。

因此，可以剪枝状语从句。

（1）“基本连词+主语+谓语”剪枝

AlthoughMr.Beanisnothandsome,manypeopleintheworldstilllovehim.

Ashewasthebestdresser,hewonthecontest.

BecauseVancouverhasgreatsummerweather,manytouristvisitthecity.

AlthoughHongKongisstunning,theweatheristoohotforme.

Youcancallmeifyouareinanemergency.

Eventhoughthatmanisprettyyoung,heismorematurethanmanyadult.

SinceStarcraftisacomplicatedgame,youneedtopracticealot.

（2）“需要注意的连词+主语+谓语”剪枝

时间：

bythetime,assoonas

条件：

aslongas,incase,providedthat

原因：

nowthat

状语从句中常出现的连词：

inthat，sothat

Bythetimeyoureadthisletter,IwillbeinAmerica.IwillstudyEnglishthere.

Assoonashegotup,hebrewedacupofcoffee.

Incaseyouloseyourwallet,makeaphotocopyofyourdriver’slicense.

NowthatI’velivedinthiscityawhile,Iknowsomegoodrestaurants.

IloveSeoulinthattherearesomanyrestaurantstochoosefrom.

Iwillstandbyyoursideaslongasyouarealive.

六、剪掉“逗号周围的四种形式”的修饰

逗号周围会有很多附加信息，一般也可以先剪枝。

（1）“现在分词”剪枝

LivingintheUK,Imadesomegoodfriends.IimprovedmyEnglish,talkingwiththemeveryday.

Livinginaforeigncountry,Ioftenmissmyhomecountry.

Afterwatchingtheshow,Iwasinspiredbythemusic.

Thoughmajoringinchemistry,Icontinuetolovearthistory.

Payingtheoverchargedbill,Ifeltlikepunchingsomebody.

StudyingwhatIhavetoteachtomorrow,Iwasunderpressure.

Readingatravelmagazine,Idreamofalifeofadventure.

（2）“过去分词”剪枝

Ihadaninterviewyesterday.AskedaquestioninEnglish，Iwasnervous.

Leftaloneinmysmallapartment,Ifeltabandoned.

Questionedbysomanyreporters,theCEOfeltpressuredtoexplain.

Thoughstudiedthoroughly,themummydidnotgiveanycluesaboutitsorigin.

Locatedinthecenterofthecity,thechurchwasacommunitylandmark.

Whenopenedbythebombexpert,thepackageexploded.

Surroundedbygorgeousguys,Iwasontopoftheworld.

（3）“动词不定式（to+动词原形）”剪枝

Hereisanimportanttipformenwhodon’thaveagirlfriend.Toattractagirl,youneedtosupporther.

Tokeepmylifeinteresting,Itravelveryoften.

Toearnmoney,peopleoftenworkhard.

Tosolvethatproblem,studentsneedtothink.

ToseethepopstarRain,Ipaidafortuneforaconcertticket.

Inordertogobungeejumping,youneedtobedaring.

Tofulfillyourdreams,youshouldalwaysdoyourbest.

（4）“主语