二语习得期末复习资料.docx
《二语习得期末复习资料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《二语习得期末复习资料.docx（20页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
二语习得期末复习资料
Chapter1introducingsecondlanguageacquisition
SLA:
atermthatrefersbothtothestudyofindividualsandgroupswhoare1.learninga
languagesubsequenttolearningtheirfirstoneasyoungchildren,andtotheprocessof
learningthatlanguage.
Secondlanguage:
anofficiallyorsocietallydominantlanguage（notL1）needed2.for
education,employmentorotherbasicpurposes
InformalL2learning:
3.SLAthattakesplaceinnaturalisticcontexts
FormalL2learning:
instructedlearningthattakesplaceinclassroom
4.
Linguisticcompetence:
5.theunderlyingknowledgethataspeaker/hearerhaveofalanguage.
Chomskydistinguishesthisformlinguisticperformance.
Linguisticperformance:
theuseoflanguageknowledgeinactualproduction.
6.
Firstlanguage/nativelanguage/mothertongue（L1）:
7.thelanguageacquiredinchildhood
Simultaneousmultilingualism:
abilitytouseoneormorelanguagesthatwereauqired8.
duringearlychildhood.
Sequentialmultilingualism:
9.abilitytouseoneormorelanguagesthatwerelearnedafterL1
hadalreadybeenestablished.
1.WhatarethethreebasicquestionsinSLA?
（1）WhatexactlydoestheL2learnercometoknow?
（2）HowdoestheL2leaneracquirethisknowledge?
（3）Whyaresomelearnersmoresuccessfulthanothers?
2.Whytherearenosimpleanswerstothesequestions?
（P2）
Chapter2foundationsofsecondlanguageacquisition
1.Multilingualism:
theabilitytousemorethanonelanguage.
2.Bilingualism:
theabilitytousetwolanguages.
3.Monolingualism:
theabilitytouseonlyonelanguage.
4.Multilingualcompetence:
“thecompoundstateofamindwithtwoormoregrammars”
5.Monolingualcompetence:
knowledgeofonlyonelanguage.
6.Learnerlanguage:
alsocalledinterlanguagewhichreferstotheintermediatestatesor
interimgrammarsofleanerlanguageasitmovestowardthetargetL2.
7.Positivetransfer:
appropriateincorporation（合并，编入）ofanL1structureorruleinL2
structure.
8.Negativetransfer:
inappropriateinfluenceofanL1structureorruleinL2use,alsocalled
interference.
9.Fossilization:
astablestateinSLAwherelearnersceasetheirinterlanguagedevelopment
beforetheyreachtargetnormsdespitecontinuingL2inputandpassageoftime.
10.Poverty-of-the-stimulus:
theargumentthatbecauselanguageinputtochildrenis
impoverished（穷尽的）andtheystillacquireL1,theremustbeaninnatecapacityforL1
acquisition.
11.Innatecapacity:
anaturalability,usuallyreferringtochildren'snaturalabilitytolearnor
acquirelanguage.
1.Whatisthenatureoflanguagelearning?
12
/1
（1）Simultaneous/sequentialmultilingualism
（2）Theroleofnaturalability
a）Humansarebornwithanaturalabilityorinnatecapacitytolearnanotherlanguage.
b）Aschildrenmature,sodotheirlanguageabilities.
c）Individualvariationmayoccurinlearning;therateoflearningcandiffer,butthereare
stageseveryonegoesthrough.
d）“Cutoffpoint”-iftheprocessdoesnothappenatayoungage,you'llneverlearnthe
language.（关键期假说）（CriticalPeriodHypothesis）
（3）Theroleofsocialexperience
a）Childrenwillneveracquirelanguageunlessthatlanguageisusedwiththemand
aroundthem,nomatterwhatistheirlanguage.
b）Aslongaschildrenareexperiencinginputandsocialinteraction,therateandsequence
ofdevelopmentdoesn'tchange.
c）Theonlythingthatmaychangeispronunciation,vocabulary,andsocialfunction.
2.WhataresomebasicsimilaritiesanddifferencesinL1andL2learning?
（P17表格）
（1）SimilaritiesbetweenL1andL2
a）Developmentstages
InitialState-knowledgeaboutlanguagestructuresandprinciples
IntermediateState-Basiclanguagedevelopment
FinalState-Outcomeoflearning
b）Necessaryconditions:
Input
（2）DifferencesbetweenL1andL2（P17表格）
3.Whatis“thelogicalproblemoflanguageacquisition”?
（1）Children'sknowledgeoflanguagegoesbeyondwhatcouldbelearnedfromtheinput
theyreceive.（Poverty-of-thestimulus）
（2）Constraintsandprinciplescannotbelearned
（3）Universalpatternsofdevelopmentcannotbeexplainedbylanguage-specificinput.
（如果说普遍语法存在孩子们脑中，那语言输入起的作用又如何解释呢？
）
4.FrameworkforSLA（P24&P26）
Perspectives,foci,andframeworks
perspectivefociframework
Transformational-GenerativeGrammarInternalLinguistic
PrinciplesandParametersModel
MinimalistProgram
Functionalismexternal
psychology
LanguaheandthebrainNeurolinguistics
Learningprocesses
InformationProcessing
Processability
Connectionism
Individualdifference
Humanisticmodels
Social
VariationTheory
Microsocial
AccomodationTheory
SocioculturalTheory
MacrosocialEthnographyofCommunication
12
/2
AcculturationTheory
SocialPsychology
Giveatleastthreereasonsthatmanyscie
升级会员 