Introduction to Management and Organizations英文版管理学.docx

Introduction to Management and Organizations英文版管理学.docx

《Introduction to Management and Organizations英文版管理学.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Introduction to Management and Organizations英文版管理学.docx（119页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

IntroductiontoManagementandOrganizations英文版管理学

Chapter1–IntroductiontoManagementandOrganizations

EssayQuestions

Inashortessay,discussthedifferencebetweenefficiencyandeffectivenessandincludeaspecificexampletosupporteachconcept.

Answer

a.Efficiencyreferstogettingthemostoutputfromtheleastamountofinputs.Becausemanagersdealwithscarceinputs—includingresourcessuchaspeople,money,andequipment—theyareconcernedwiththeefficientuseofresources.Forinstance,attheBeiersdorfInc.factoryinCincinnati,whereemployeesmakebodybracesandsupports,canes,walkers,crutches,andothermedicalassistanceproducts,efficientmanufacturingtechniqueswereimplementedbydoingthingssuchascuttinginventorylevels,decreasingtheamountoftimetomanufactureproducts,andloweringproductrejectrates.Fromthisperspective,efficiencyisoftenreferredtoas“doingthingsright”—thatis,notwastingresources.

b.Effectivenessisoftendescribedas“doingtherightthings”—thatis,thoseworkactivitiesthatwillhelptheorganizationreachitsgoals.Forinstance,attheBiersdorffactory,goalsincludedopencommunicationbetweenmanagersandemployees,andcuttingcosts.Throughvariousworkprograms,thesegoalswerepursuedandachieved.Whereasefficiencyisconcernedwiththemeansofgettingthingsdone,effectivenessisconcernedwiththeends,orattainmentoforganizationalgoals.

（moderate）

Inashortessay,listandexplainthefourbasicfunctionsofmanagement.

Answer

a.Planning–involvestheprocessofdefininggoals,establishingstrategiesforachievingthosegoals,anddevelopingplanstointegrateandcoordinateactivities.

b.Organizing–involvestheprocessofdeterminingwhattasksaretobedone,whoistodothem,howthetasksaretobegrouped,whoreportstowhom,andwheredecisionsaretobemade.

c.Leading–whenmanagersmotivatesubordinates,influenceindividualsorteamsastheywork,selectthemosteffectivecommunicationchannel,ordealinanywaywithemployeebehaviorissues,theyareleading.

d.Controlling–toensurethatworkisgoingasitshould,managersmustmonitorandevaluateperformance.Theprocessofmonitoring,comparing,andcorrectingiswhatismeantbythecontrollingfunction.

（moderate）

Inashortessay,listanddiscussthethreeessentialskillsaccordingtoKatzthatmanagersneedtoperformthedutiesandactivitiesassociatedwithbeingamanager.

Answer

a.Technicalskills–includeknowledgeofanproficiencyinacertainspecializedfield,suchasengineering,computers,accounting,ormanufacturing.Theseskillsaremoreimportantatlowerlevelsofmanagementsincethesemanagersaredealingdirectlywithemployeesdoingtheorganization’swork.

b.Humanskills–involvetheabilitytoworkwellwithotherpeoplebothindividuallyandinagroup.Managerswithgoodhumanskillsareabletogetthebestoutoftheirpeople.Theyknowhowtocommunicate,motivate,lead,andinspireenthusiasmandtrust.Theseskillsareequallyimportantatalllevelsofmanagement.

c.Conceptualskills–thesearetheskillthatmanagersmusthavetothinkandtoconceptualizeaboutabstractandcomplexsituations.Usingtheseskills,managersmustbeabletoseetheorganizationasawhole,understandtherelationshipsamongvarioussubunits,andvisualizehowtheorganizationfitsintoitsbroaderenvironment.Theseskillsaremostimportantatthetopmanagementlevels.

（moderate）

Chapter2–ManagementYesterdayandToday

EssayQuestions

SCIENTIFICMANAGEMENT

Inashortessay,discussFrederickTaylor’sworkinscientificmanagement.Next,listTaylor’sfourprinciplesofmanagement.

Answer

FrederickTaylordidmostofhisworkattheMidvaleandBethlehemSteelCompaniesinPennsylvania.AsamechanicalengineerwithaQuakerandPuritanbackground,hewascontinuallyappalledbyworkers’inefficiencies.Employeesusedvastlydifferenttechniquestodothesamejob.Theywereinclinedto“takeiteasy”onthejob,andTaylorbelievedthatworkeroutputwasonlyaboutone-thirdofwhatwaspossible.Virtuallynoworkstandardsexisted.Workerswereplacedinjobswithlittleornoconcernformatchingtheirabilitiesandaptitudeswiththetaskstheywererequiredtodo.Managersandworkerswereincontinualconflict.Taylorsetouttocorrectthesituationbyapplyingthescientificmethodtoshopfloorjobs.Hespentmorethantwodecadespassionatelypursuingthe“onebestway”foreachjobtobedone.

Taylor’sFourPrinciplesofManagement

a.Developascienceforeachelementofanindividual’swork,whichwillreplacetheoldrule-of-thumbmethod.

b.Scientificallyselectandthentrain,teach,anddeveloptheworker.

c.Heartilycooperatewiththeworkerssoastoensurethatalworkisdoneinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofthesciencethathasbeendeveloped.

d