语用与交际答疑题及答案.docx

语用与交际答疑题及答案.docx

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语用与交际答疑题及答案

《语用与交际》答疑题:

1.WhatareMorris’earlydefinitionsofsyntactics,semanticsandpragmatics,andhisexpandingdefinition?

2.PleasepointoutthenarrownessofCarnap’sviewofpragmatics.

3.Howdopragmaticfactorsinfluenceourdailylife,pleasegiveusanexample?

4.Pleaseillustratetheimportanceoftheappropriacyandgiveusanexample,whichisagainsttheappropriacyrequirementoflanguageuse.

5.Giveanexampleandillustratetheindirectnessofthelanguage.

6.Interpratetheconceptandknowledgeofmakinginferenceinunderstandingutterances.

7.Illustrateonemorenatureoflanguageuseindeterminacy,forexample,inDianeBlackmore’bookUnderstandingUtterances（1992）theindeterminacynatureoftheEnglishpossessives.

8.Inanalyzingtheindeterminacy,howshallweseekthehelpofcontext,givingrisetothemeaningofit?

9.Pleaseexplainconceptandknowledgeoflinguisticcontext,non-linguisticcontextandroleandfunctionofcontext.

10.Pleaseexplaintheoriginandconceptofdeixiswithexample.

11.Pleaseexplicitlyillustratetherelationshipbetweencontextanddeixis.

12.What’sthetraditionalcategoriesofdeixis?

13.Whatarethepragmaticfunctionsofpersondeixis,andthethreegroupsofpronominalpronouns?

14.Pleasepointoutadistinctionbetweengesturaluseandsymbolicuseofplacedeixis.

15.Pleasedistinguishthedeicticandnon-deicticusesofplacedeixis.

16.Pleasegiveusarevisionandsummaryofdeixis.

17.Givetheconceptandknowledgeofconversationalimplicature.

18.What’sthedistinctionofimplicatureandimplication.

19.Tellthesignificanceofthenotionofimplicature.

20.Tellthedistinctionbetweenconversationalmeaningandconventionalmeaning.

21.Giveabriefintroductiontotheco-operativeprinciple.

22.Canconventionalimplicaturesbesharedbyallcultures?

23.Pleasegiveadetailedintroductionofco-operativeprinciple.

24.Whatarefourco-operativemaxims?

25.Explainimplicaturesoffollowingco-operativeprinciplesanditsmaxims.

26.Howdopeopleviolatethesecondsub-maximofquantity?

27.Whatarethefivefeaturesofconversationalimplicature?

28.Pleaseexplainthefeatureofcancellability.

29.Pleasetellyourunderstandingofthepolitenessprinciple

30.Whatarethreeimportantfeaturesofpoliteness?

31.Anduseexampletoillustratethethreeproperties.

32.WhatdoyouthinkistherelationshipbetweenCPandPP?

33.Pleasedefinethenotionofface.

34.Whatarepositivefaceandnegativeface?

35.Generallyspeaking,howshallwebeawareofpeople'sfacewantsinverbalcommunication?

36.What’sthegeneralfunctionofthepropertiesofpolitenessprinciple?

37.Giveussomerevisionandreinforcementworkonconversationalimplicature（CI）

38.Whatispresupposition?

39.Whatissemanticpresupposition?

40.Whataresemanticpresuppositiontriggers?

PleasegiveusexamplesaccordingtoKarttunen’stheory.

41.Pleasegiveusageneralintroductiontotheprojectionproblem.

42.Explainthedistinctionbetweensemanticpresuppositionandpragmaticpresupposition.

43.Pleaseillustratetheoriginandknowledgeofspeechacts.

44.PleasepointoutAustin'sdistinctionbetweenconstativesandperformatives.Andwhatconclusioncanyoudrawfromthepreviousdistinction?

45.Illustratedifferenttypesperfomatives.

46.Explainexplicitperformativesandimplicitperformatives.

47.PleasediscussAustin'sdivisionoffivetypesofperfomatives.

48.TellyourunderstandingofSearle'sdevelopmentofspeechacts

《语用与交际》答疑题答案:

1.Morris’earlydefinition:

Syntactics:

Syntacticsisthestudyof"theformalrelationsofsignstooneanother".

Semantics:

Semanticsisthestudyof"therelationsofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable".

Pragmatics:

Pragmaticsisthestudyof"therelationofsignstointerpreters"（interpretersofsignsbeingused）.

Hisexpandingdefinition

SomepragmatistssuggestthatwereplaceMorris'sterm,'sign',withanotherterm'linguisticunit',whichappliestomorphemes,phrases,andsentences.Withthischange,syntaxmayberedefinedas"thestudyoftheformalrelationsoflinguisticunitstooneanother,andthegrammaticalstructuresofphrasesandsentencesthatresultfromthesegrammaticalrelations";semanticscanberedefinedas"thestudyoftherelationoflinguisticunitstotheworldtowhichtheyarereferring";andpragmaticsasthe"studyoftherelationoflinguisticunitstotheirusers".

2.IfweconsidercarefullyCarnap'sviewoftakingpragmaticsasthe"investigationmakingreferencetousersofthelanguage",weshallfindthatitistoonarrowbecausethisdefinitionneglectsotherdeicticphenomenoninlanguageuseindicatingplace（e.g.hereandthere）andtime（e.g.nowandthen）.  Liketheinterpretationofthewords"I"intheexamplethatreliesontheidentificationofparticularpa