英语国家概况复习笔记.docx
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英语国家概况复习笔记
英语国家概况复习笔记
Chapter1LandandPeople 英国的国土与人民
Different NamesforBritain anditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
1.Geographicalnames:
theBritishIsles, Great BritainandEngland. 地理名称:
不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.
2.Officialname:
theUnitedKingdomofGreat BritainandNorthernIreland. 官方正式名称:
大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.
3.The BritishIsles aremadeupoftwolargeislands—GreatBritain (the largerone)andIreland,andhundredsof smallones.
不列颠群岛由两个大岛[大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛]及成千上万个小岛组成.
4.Threepoliticaldivisions ontheisland ofGreat Britain:
England, ScotlandandWales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:
英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.
①Englandisinthesouthern partofGreat Britain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.
②Scotlandisinthenorthof GreatBritain.Ithasthree naturalzones (theHighlandsinthenorth; theCentrallowlands;thesouthUplands) Capital:
Edinburgh.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区:
北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府:
爱丁堡.
③Walesisin thewestof GreatBritain.Capital:
Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府:
加的夫
④NorthernIreland isthefourthregionoftheUK. Capital:
Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府:
贝尔法斯特
5.The Commonwealth (of nations)isafreeassociationof independentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesof Britain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomically andhavecertain tradingagreements.The Commonwealthhasnospecial powers.Thedecision tobecome amember oftheCommonwealthisleft toeachnation. Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas 50 membercountriesuntil1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.
Chapter2TheOrigins of aNation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源
1.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts Atabout 700BCtheCeltsbegantoarriveinBritainandkeptcominguntil thearrivaloftheRomans.Theymay comeoriginallyfrom easternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,Belgiumandsouthern Germany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部.Theycamein threemainwaves:
the Gaels~about600 BC;theBrythons~about400BC;theBelgae~about150BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:
第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人.The Celtictribesare theancestorsoftheHighland Scots,theIrishandthe Welsh,and theirlanguages arethebasis ofbothWelshandGaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础.The Celts’religionwasDruidism.凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教. TheBelgaewerethemostindustriousandvigorousofthe Celtictribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的.TheCeltswere practisedfarmers.凯尔特人是有经验的农民.
2.Basisof modernEnglishrace:
theAnglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:
盎格鲁—萨克逊 (446-871)Inthemid-5thcenturyJutes,Saxons,and AnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeutonictribes.TheJutes,whofishedand farmed inJutland(nowsouthern Denmark),came toBritainfirst.Thenthe Saxonscame.TheycamefromnorthernGermany,established theirkingdomsinEssex,SussexandWessex.Inthe secondhalf ofthe6th century,theAngleswhoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyand weretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledinEastAnglia, MerciaandNorthumbria.五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.
Heptarchy:
DuringtheAnglo-Saxon’stime,Britainwasdivided intomany kingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.Theywere giventhe namefor Heptarchy.在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:
肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.
TheAnglo-Saxontribes wereconstantly atwarwith oneanother,each tryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdoms wereoftenbrokenup andoftenpiecedtogetheragain.盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分
TheAnglo-Saxonsbroughttheirown Teutonicreligion toBritain.盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.
AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonswereferocious people,they laidthe foundationsoftheEnglish state.Firstly,theydividedthecountryinto shires;Secondly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem whichcontinuedto the18thcentury;Thirdly,theyalso established themanorialsystem.Finally,theycreatedthe Witan(council/meetingof wisemen)toadvise the king,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstill existstoday. 虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院的基础.
3.TheViking andDanishinvasionsThe NorwegianVikingsandtheDanesattackedvariouspartsofEngland from the end ofthe8thcentury.TheDanes gainedcontrol ofthenorthandeastof England—theDanelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区. After Alfred’sdeath,hissuccessors reconquered theDanelaw.KingEthelredthe Unreadytriedpayingtheinvaderstostayaway.ButtheDanes didn’tgoaway butinvadeagain. 亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯. AfterEthelred’sdeath,Canute,theDanishleaderwasmadeEnglish king in 1016.Heproved tobe awise ruler.Afterhisdeathin1035,hissons HaroldandHardicanutereignedsuccessive