英语读写练习形成性练习13.docx

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英语读写练习形成性练习13

UnitOne(BookFour)

IRF

(1)

MemoriesofAfghanistan

Afghanistan-----acountryonthebrinkofahumanitariandisaster,alandfilledwithfleeingrefugees,starvingpeople,andturbanedterroristsintrainingcamps.TVpicturestellthestoryofacountryinruinandpoverty,acountrybroughtalmosttototaldestructionbytwentyyearsofwarandstruggle.Yetonce-----thoughpoor-----thiswasaproudnation,andabeautifulcountry,andonewitharichculturalheritage……

 ApartfromthenationsofEurope,therearefewcountriesintheworldthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule----oratleastneverinrecenttimes;Afghanistanwasoneofthem.Manycenturiesago,GenghisKhan’stroopsrodedownfromMongolia,mercilesslykillingthemountaintribesmenofAfghanistanwhodaredtoresisttheinvader;butapartfromthishumiliatingperiodintime,theAfghanistans----whoareinfactamixtureofthreeseparateethnicgroups----haveheldtheirheadshighinthefaceofinvasion.

 Thecountrythatisnowatthecenteroftheworld’sattentionwasonceoneoftheworld’sproudestnations,andanationthatothercountriesinvadedattheirownrisk.Inthe19thcenturythearmiesoftheBritishEmpireknewthatAfghanistanwasnotacountrytointerferewith.

Ahundredandtwentyyearsago,in1881,BritishsoldierswerenonethelessstationedintheAfghancapital,Kabul.Theyweretherefortworeasons,firstlytohelpstoptheRussiansfrominvadingthecountry,andsecondlytoensuretheexistenceofanindependentbuffer-statebetweentheRussianEmpiretothenorth,andtheBritishEmpireinIndia(modernPakistan)tothesoutheast.

QueenVictoriawouldhavelikedtoaddAfghanistantoherempire,buthersoldiersneversucceededinthismission,thoughtheytried,andfailed.In1879,thewholeBritishMission(embassy)inKabul,includingservants,wasmassacredbyagroupofrebelAfghansoldiers,furiousbecausetheyhadnotbeenpaidbytheirownking,MohammedYacoub.YacoubwasfriendlytotheBritish,sotheBritishgottheblame.ThestoryoftheKabulMassacrewasrememberedforalongtimebytheBritishinIndia,andrecordedbyseveralVictorianwritersandpoets.

OtherbloodyeventsalsomarkedtherelationshipbetweentheBritishandtheAfghansinthe19thcentury.In1842,inthenotoriousbattleoftheKhyberPass,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansastheyreturnedfromashortraidintothecountry.Justoneman,adoctor,managedtosurvivethemassacre,andmakehiswaybacktothesafetyofIndia,totellthestoryoftheterribleevent.

ThoughtheworldhaschangedalotsinceVictoriantimes,Afghanistanhaschangedlittle.Inmanyways,theTalibanhaveevenmovedthecountrybackintime,adarkageofignorance,intoleranceandrepression;butevenwithouttheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldstill,today,beoneoftheworld’smostundevelopednations.Land-locked,asidefrommostmodernroutesofcommunication,andbrokenupbythemightyHinduKushmountainsandbyvastdeserts,Afghanistan,likethe“tribalterritory”ofnorthwestPakistan,hasremainedfiercelyindependentfromoutsideinterference,andstronglyattachedtoitstraditionalways.

Forthelasttwenty-fiveyears,theAfghanpeoplehavesufferedfromwaranddestruction:

theoverthrowofthemonarchy,thentheinvasionbytheSovietUnionin1978,thenthewaragainsttheSoviets,thenthestruggleforcontrolofthecountrybetweentheTalibanandthesupportersofGeneralMassoud,nowthemassivedepartureofapeopleonthevergeofstarvation,drivenfromtheirhomesasmuchbyfearoftheTalibanasbythethreatofmilitaryinvasion.

Yetinspiteofallthis,despitethedestructionofalargepartoftheircountry,theAfghanpeopleremainkindandhospitable.OlderAfghansrememberbacktoapast,whentheylivedinpeaceandrelativesecurity;youngerAfghans,whohaveneverknownaneraofpeace,lookforwardtothedaywhenanewageofpeacewillcome.Hopefully,thatnewdawnwillnotbetoofaraway.

Statements

1.Afghanistanusedtobeapeacefulcountrythatneversufferedfromanyforeigninvasion.

2.Afghanistanisoneofthefewcountriesthathaveneverbeenundercolonialrule. 

3.GenghisKhan’stroopssufferedabiglosswhentheytriedtoconquerAfghanistan.

4.In1881,BritainsoldierswerestationedinAfghanistaninordertoestablishanindependentandpeacefulstatebetweenRussiaandBritishIndia.

5.TheentireBritishMissioninKabulwascruellykilledbecausetheywantedtopreventtheBritishfrominvadingAfghanistan.

6.QueenVictoriaregrettedsendingtheBritishMissionintoAfghanistanafterthe1879massacre.

7.In1842,acompleteBritisharmywasmassacredbyAfghansandnoonesurvivedinthebloodyevent.

8.IfitwerenotfortheTaliban,Afghanistanwouldhavealreadybecomeadevelopedcountry.

9.NowmanyAfghanpeoplesufferfromstarvation,Taliban’styrannyandmilitaryeventsandhavetoleavetheirowncountry.

10.InAfghanistan,neithertheolderpeoplenortheyouthwantanychangesintheirlife.

Key:

1-5FTETF 6-10EFFTF 

(2).

PassageOne

Respectbeingswithintheindividuals.Theoriginalstateofrespectisbasedonawarenessoftheselfasaunityentity,alifeforcewithin,aspiritualbeing,asoul.Theelevatedconsciousnessofknowing“WhoIam”arisesfromarealplaceofpureworth.Withsuchinsight,thereisfaithintheselfandwholenessandcompletenesswithin.Withselfrealization,oneexperiencestrueself-respect

      Conflicttakesplacewhentheawarenessofone’soriginalnatureandtheoriginalnatureoftheotherislacking.Asaresult,externalnegativeinfluencesrulesupremeoverrespect.Tobestabilizedintheelevatedstageoftheselfensuresgenuinerespectforandfromothers,sinceoneactsintheconsciousnessthateveryhumanbeinghasinnate(天生的)worthwhichispureandvirtuous.Suchamindsetguaranteesfinalvictory,sinceinteractiononthatbasisassuresthattheinherentgoodnessoftheselfandotheremerges.

      Todevelopthevalueofrespectwithintheselfandtogiveitpracticalexpressionindailylifeisthechallenge.Obstaclesareencounteredtotestthestrengthofrespect,andtheseareoftenfeltatthemostvulnerable(易受攻击的)times.Self-confidenceisneededtodealwithcircumstancesinanoptimistic,hopeful,andself-assuredmanner.Insituationswhenallsupportsseemtohavevanished,whatremainsloyalistheextenttowhichonehasbeenabletobecomeself-reliantinternally.

      Respectisanacknowledgementoftheinherentworthandinnaterightsoftheindividualandcollective.Thesemustberecognizedasthecentralfocustodrawfrompeopleacommitmenttoahigherpurposeinlife.Internationalrespectandrecognitionfor\intellectualrightsandcreativeidealsmustbeobservedwithoutdiscrimination(区分).Theeminence(显赫)oflifeispresentineveryone,andeveryhumanbeinghasarighttothejoyoflivingwithrespectanddignity.

Statements:

1.      Whenthereisself-realization,trueself-confidencewilltakeplace.

2.      Conflictresultfromthelackofawarenessofhumanbeing’soriginalnature.

3.      Selfrespectisneededtodealwithcircumstancesoptimistically,helpfullyandsurely.

4.      Theinherentworthandinnaterightsensurepeopletohaveahigherpurposeinlife.

5.      Allhumanbeingsarelivingwithrespectanddignity.

PassageTwo

Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨胀)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andGooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.

GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BringandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Bring,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.

Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookwordmatches,italsotallied(统计)andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother,Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogle(themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先见之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoff campustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.

Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.

Statements:

6.ThebrillianceofS.BrinandL.PageaswellasaseriesoffortunateeventshasmadeGooglesuccessful.

7.      Google’ssearchenginestartedfromtheacademicprojectinitiatedbyL.Page.

8.      BrinandPage

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