英国文学史笔记总结部分.docx

英国文学史笔记总结部分.docx

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英国文学史笔记总结部分

EnglishLiterature英国文学史笔记

TheDevelopmentofEnglishLiterature

Fromtheacademicangle,Englishliteraturecanbedividedintosevenperiods:

1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature;

2.TheEnglishRenaissance;

3.The17thC.–ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration;

4.The18thCentury–TheAgeofEnlightenment

5.RomanticisminEnglandinthe1sthalfofthe19thcentury;

6.TheVictorianAge;

7.The20thCenturyLiterature–ModernismandPost-Modernism

Chapter1LiteratureofOldandMedievalPeriod（449—1485）

1）Anglo-SaxonPeriod/OldEnglishPeriod（449-1066）

ThemainliterarycontributionofthisperiodistheEpic,anditsmasterpieceisthenationalepicTheSongofBeowulf,whichisalongpoemof3182linesaboutthedeedsoftheTeutonic（条顿）heroBeowulfinthe6thcentury.ItistheoldestpoemintheEnglishlanguageandtheoldestsurvivingepicinAnglo-Saxonliterature.

2）TheAnglo-NormanPeriod/MiddleEnglishPeriod（1066-1485）

TheliteratureofthisperiodisgreatlyinfluencedbytheNormanConquest（1066）.Aftertheconquest,thecustomsandidealsknownaschivalrywasintroducedbytheNormansintoEnglandandcanbereflectedinliterature,suchastheknightlycode,theromanticinterestinwomen,tendernessandreverencepaidtoVirginMaryetc..TheprevailingformofliteratureintheFeudalEnglandwasRomance（传奇，骑士文学）.

ThemostfamousRomancewasSirGawainandtheGreenKnight.

㈠DefinitionsofLiteraryTerms

1.Couplet（对句）:

acoupletistwoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.

2.Iambicpentameter:

eachlinehasfivefeetofiambs;ineachfoot,thereisanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.

3.HeroicCouplet（英雄偶句／双韵体）:

twoconsecutivelinesofrhymedpoetryiniambicpentameter.（aniambicpentametercouplet）.TheformwasintroducedintoEnglishbyGeoffreyChaucerandwaswidelyusedsubsequently,reachingaheightofpopularityintheworksofAlexanderPope.

4.BlankVerse（无韵体，素体诗）:

unrhymediambicpentameter.

5.Epic（史诗）:

Alongnarrativepoemontheadventuresandgreatdeedsofheroes.

6.Framestory:

anarrativethatprovidestheframeworkwithinwhichanumberofdifferentstories,whichmayormaynotbeconnected,canbetold.（TheCanterburyTalesisacollectionofstoriesinaframestory）

7.Romance:

Ataleinverse,embodyingthelifeandadventuresofknights.ThecontentofRomancewasusuallyaboutlove,chivalryandreligion.

㈡GeoffreyChaucer（about1340—1400）杰弗里•乔叟“TheFounder（Father）ofEnglishpoetry”

ALondonerofbourgeoisorigin,themostimportantandinfluentialpoetinmedievalEngland,establishedEnglishasacourtlylanguage.Geoffrey’sChaucer’sworksareoftencategorizedinthreechronologicalperiods（theFrenchperiod,theItalianperiodandtheEnglishperiod）.

Ⅰ.Chaucer’sContributions

①.HeintroducedfromFrenchthe“heroiccouplet”toEnglishpoetry.

②.HeisthefirstimportantpoettowriteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.

③.ChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage.

Ⅱ.GeoffreyChaucer’sfamouswork:

TheCanterburyTales（1387—1400）《坎特伯雷集》anunfinishedseriesofstoriestoldbyagroupofpilgrims（about29）,whocamefromalllayersofsociety（aknight,aprioress,aplowman,amerchant,aclerk,thewifefromBath,etc.）,journeyingfromLondontotheshrineofSt.ThomasBecketatCanterbury.“TheGeneralPrologue”toldusChaucerintendedthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwotalesonthewaytoCanterburyandtwotalesonthewayback.ButChaucerhadactuallycompletedonly23stories.

Scholarsareuncertainabouttheorderofthetales,andTheCanterburyTaleshasbeenpasseddowninseveralhandwrittenmanuscripts.

Ⅲ.Otherworks:

1）TheFrenchperiod（to1372）:

BookofDuchess（1369）《公爵夫人之书》

2）TheItalianperiod（1372—1385）:

HouseofFame（1379—1384）《声誉之宫》

TheParliamentofFowls（1377—1382）《百鸟会议》TheLegendofGoodWomen《贤妇传说》TroilusandCriseyde（1382—1385）《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》

3）TheEnglishperiod（1387—1400）:

TheCanterburyTales（1387—1400）

Chapter2LiteratureofEnglishRenaissance（1485—1616）

TheRenaissanceasaculturalmovementembracedallWesternEuroperoughlyfromthe14thcenturytothe17thcentury.ItfirstspranginFlorenceofItalyandthenspreadtotherestofEurope（toGermanyandSpainandEngland）.“Renaissance”,Frenchfor“rebirth”,referstotherevivalofinterestinancientRomanandGreekculture.

Duringthisperiod,theclassicalartsandlearningwerediscoveredagainandwidelystudied,sothetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassical（RomanandGreek）artsandlearningafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism,italsomarkedthebeginningofbourgeoisrevolution.

IntheRenaissanceperiod,scholarsandeducatorscalledthemselveshumanistsandbegantoemphasizethecapacitiesofthehumanmindandtheachievementsofhumanculture,incontrasttothemedievalemphasisonGodandcontemptforthethingsofthisworld.SohumanismbecamethekeynoteoftheEnglishRenaissance.AndthegreatesthumanistisThomasMore,theauthorofUtopia.TherepresentativesinliteratureareShakespeareandBacon.Theformerhasthegreatestcontributionindramaandsonnetswhilethelatter’sessaysarecondensedandwitty.

代表人物：

1）ThomasMore（1478—1535）托马斯•莫尔Utopia乌托邦

2）ThomasWyatt托马斯•怀亚特HeintroducedsonnetintoEnglishliterature引入十四行诗的第一人

sonnet（十四行诗）：

formofpoetryintricatelyrhymed（间隔押韵）in14linesiambicpentameter

3）EdmundSpenser（1522—1599）埃德蒙•斯宾塞“thepoet’spoet”（诗人中的诗人）

Englishpoetwhoselongallegoricalpoem（寓言性浪漫史诗）TheFaerieQueene《仙后》isoneofthegreatestintheEnglishlanguage.ItwaswritteninwhatcametobecalledtheSpenserianstanza.

Spenserianstanza：

Anine-linestanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:

ababbcbcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Thelastlineiswritteniniambichexameter

4）ChristopherMarlowe（1564—1593）克里斯托弗•马洛“themostgiftedwriteroftheUniversityWits”“theforerunnerofEnglishdrama”“TheFatherofEnglishTragedy”（one-mantragedy）ThegreatestpioneerofEnglishdramawhomadeblankversetheprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.

blankverse（无韵体：

不押韵的五步抑扬格）是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

5）FrancisBacon（1561—1626）弗兰西斯•培根

thefirstEnglishessayistthefatheroftheEnglishessay

AnEnglishphilosopher,essayistandstatesman,isarepresentativeoftheEnglishRenaissance.Asaliteraryfigure,heplayedacentralroleinthedevelopmentofEnglishessay;whileasthefatherofEmpiricism,helaidthefoundationformodernscienceinEngland.

Bacon’smainworksincludeTheAdvancementofLearning《学术的推进》（1605）,NewInstrument《新工具》（1620）,NewAtlantics《新大西岛》（1627）andEssays《论说文集》（1597）.

6）SirPhilipSidney（1554—1586）菲利普•西德尼Anoutstandinglyricalandepicpoet

7）JohnLylyGreatpopularitywaswonbyhisnovelEuphues（《尤弗伊斯》）whichgaverisetoanaffectedstyleofcourtspeechcalled“euphuism”（尤弗伊斯体/绮丽体）

8）WilliamShakespeare（1564—1616）威廉•莎士比亚

Shakespeareisnotofanage,butforalltime.—BenJohnson

Oneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.Hecontributed154sonnets,37（38?

）plays,and2longnarrativepoemstotheliterarylegacyoftheworld.

WilliamShakespeare’sworks:

Fourgreatcomedies（四大喜剧）:

AMidsummerNight’sDream《仲夏夜之梦》;TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》;TwelfthNight《第十二夜》;Asyoulikeit《皆大欢喜》.

Fourgreattragedies（四大悲剧）:

Hamlet（1601）《哈姆雷特》;Othello（1604）《奥赛罗》KingLear（1605）《李尔王》;Macbeth（1605）《麦克白》

Sonnet:

Afourteen-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter.

1.ItoriginatedfromItaly.ThomasWyattintroducedittoEnglishinthe16thcentury.

2.Sonnethastwotypes:

（1）TheItaliansonnet（Petrarchansonnet）（PetrarchisanItalianpoetinthe14thcentury.）

（2）TheEnglishorShakespeareansonnet

莎士比亚十四行诗（TheShakespeareansonnet）的节律是五音步抑扬格。

全诗包括三个四行组和一个两行组，韵脚按ababcdcdefefgg排列，称为“莎士比亚式”，“伊丽莎白式”“或英国式”。

意式（彼特拉克式）十四行诗（ThePetrarchansonnet）的格式，即包括一个八行节（octave）和一个六行节（sestet），韵脚按abbaabbacdecde。

Chapter3Literatureofthe17thcentury

The17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuousperiodsinEnglishhistory.ItwasaperiodwhenabsolutemonarchyimpededthefurtherdevelopmentofcapitalisminEnglandandthebourgeoisiecouldnolongerbeartheswayoflandednobility.Thecontradictionsbetweenthefeudalsystemandthebourgeoisiehadreacheditspeakandresultedinarevolutionaryoutburst.

The17th-centuryliteraturewasgreatlyinfluencedbythebourgeoisierevolutionagainstmonarchy.ThepoliticallytempestuousperiodmadetheliteratureoneofconfusioninthePuritanAge.Thegreatestrepresentativesofthisperiodarethe“ThreeJohns”:

JohnMilton,JohnDonne,therepresentativeoftheMetaphysicalSchoolandJohnBunyan,agreatprosewriter.

JohnDonne约翰·邓恩（1572-1631）

JohnDonneisthemostoutstandingoftheEnglishMetaphysicalPoets（英国玄学派诗人）todayandveryinfluentialuponmodernwriters;athistime,Donnewasapreacherfamousforhismagnificentsermons.

1.Earlyworks（writtenbefore1600,55lovepoems）

SongsandSonnets:

TheFlea《跳蚤》Song《歌》Woman’sConstancy《女人的忠贞》AValediction:

ofWeeping《别离辞：

谈哭泣》AValediction:

ForbiddingMourning《别离辞·莫悲伤》

2.Religiouspoemsandsermons

MetaphysicalPoetry:

ThepoetryofJohnDonneandotherseventeenth-centurypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.Metaphysicalpoetryischaracterizedbyverbalwit（巧智）,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.

Conceit（奇喻）:

Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.

ForbiddingMourning《别离辞·莫悲伤》

Thespeakerusestheconceittocomparetheirinseparablerelationshiptothecompasse