英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary.docx

英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary.docx

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英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary

U1:

1.viewsoninterculturalcommunication

Twodifferentviewsoninterculturalcommunication:

“peoplearepeople”VS.“contactisnotequaltocommunication”

2.3majorsocio-culturalelementsinfluencingperceptionandcommunication

Culturalvalue,worldview,socialorganizations.

3.Whatisglobalization?

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations。

 a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-beinginsocieties around the world.

4.Whatarethestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?

（1）assumptionofsimiliarities:

peopleexpectthatsimplybeinghumanandhavingcommonrequirementsoffood,shelter,securityandsoonmakeseveryonealike.

（2）Languagedifferences.:

“yes”and“no”causetrouble.

（3）Nonverbalmisinterpretatons:

misinterpretationofobservablesiansandsymbols—gesture,postures,bodymovenment.

（4）Preconceptionsandstereotypes:

Arabsare“inflammable”maycauseU.S.studentstokeeptheirdistance.

（5）Tendencetoevaluate:

toapproveordisapprove,tostatementsandactionsofotherpersonorgroup.

（6）Highanxiety/tension.

U2:

1.Whatisculture?

Cultureisaveryextensiveconcept,itisverydifficulttodefineitstrictlyandaccurately,becausecultureinvolvestoomuch.Cultureisacomplexsystemofbehavior,values,beliefs,traditionsandartifacts,whichistransmittedthroughgenerations.

Whatarethefivebasicneedsforhumanbeings?

（1）physiologicalneeds（thingsthatmakeusalive,foodwaterair）

（2）safetyneeds（physicalsafeandpsychologicalllysecure）

（3）belongingnessneeds（needstobeacceptedbyothersandtobelongtoagroup）

（4）esteemneeds（recognition,reputation,selfrespect）

（5）self-actualizationneeds（actualizeonselfandtoreachone’sfullpotential）

2.Whatarevalues,attitudes,beliefsandbehaviors?

Howaretheylinked?

（1）Valuesarewhatpeoplegotowaroverorconductbussinessby.Valuestellushowtoweightheworthofsomething,theycanindicatearelativehierarchy.

（2）Attitudesarefeelingsaboutthings.itisatendencytorespondthesamewaytothesameobjectorsituationoridea.Attitudesislearnedandcanchange.

（3）Beliefsareconvictionsorcertaintiesbasedonsubjectiveandoftenpersonalideasratherthanonprooforfact.

（4）Links:

valuesunderlieattitudesandalsoshapebeliefs.Attitudesarebasedonbeliefsaswellasvalues.valuesenableustoevaluatewhatmatterstousorapplystandarstoourattitudesandbeliefs.value→belief→attitude.Forexample,youhaveanattitudetowardeatingrawfish,whichispositiveandisbasedonthebeliefthatexpertprepararionofsushiandsashimibyJapanesechefsresultsinculinarydelicacies,oryouhaveanattitudethatisnegative,basedonthebeliefthatrawfishcancontainparasitesthatcauseunpleasantconsequencesinthehumandigestivesystem.Youcanevenhavebothattitudesatthesametime.ifyoudo,thenprobablyyouvaluebothfineeatingexperiencesandphysicalhealth.

3.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?

1context:

physicalsetting,psychological,historical,culture,thecommunicationnorms

2participants:

senderswhoformmessagesandcommunicatewithsymbols,receiverswhoprocessandreactthemassages.

3Massages:

meanings,symbols,encodingsanddecodings

4Channels:

avarietyofsensorychannels

5Noise;internalexternalandsemanticnoise.

6Feedback:

theverbalandnonverbalresponses

4.Whatarenorms?

Normsaretheguildelinesthatweestablishforconductingtransactions.Normstelluswhatkindsofmessagesandbehaviorareproperinagivencontextorwithaparticularpersonorgroupofpeople.Peopleacquirecommunicationnormsfromtheirexperiencesinlife.

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenencodinganddecoding?

Encodingistheprocessoftransformingideasandfeelingsintosymbolsandorganizingthem.Decodingistheprocessoftansforminfmeeagesbackeintoideasandfeelings.

TransformingandorganizingTransformingandintepreting

ideasandfeelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideasandfeelings

↓↓

Encodingdecoding

6.Whatisthedifferencebetweenexternalnoise,internalnoiseandsemanticnoise?

externalnoise:

Sightsandsoundsandotherstimuliintheenvironmentthatdrawpeople’sattentionawayfromintendedmeaning.

internalnoise:

Thoughtsandfeelingsthatinterferewiththecommunicationprocess.Feelingsofangeroranxiety,stereotypeorprejudiceinyourmind.

semanticnoise:

themeaningsweassigntowordsdependonourownexperience,otherpeoplemayattimesdecodeawordorphasesdifferentlyfromthewayweintend.

7.Whatiscommunication?

Communicationisaprocessinvolvingtheexchangeofmessagesandthecreationofmeaning.

U3:

1.Whatarethefivebasicquestionsattherootofanyculture’svaluesystem?

（1）whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?

-----humannature

（2）whatistherelationofmantonature?

------therelationshipofmantonature.

（3）Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?

----senseoftime/timeorientation.

（4）Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?

-------activityorientation.

（5）Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?

----socialrelationships

2.WhatarethekeyprinciplesofConfucianism?

（1）socialorderandstabilityarebasedonuneqalrelationshipsbetweenpeople

includingleadersandfollowers,fatherandson,husbandandwife,olderbrotherandyoungerbrother,andfriends.

（2）family:

followrulesforordering

（3）propersocialbehaviorconsistsofnottreatingothersasyouwouldnotliketobetreatedyouself.,learntobesensitivetoother’sfeels（子所不欲勿施于人）

（4）peopleshouldbeskilled,educatedhardworking,thrifty,modest,patientandpersevering.

3.Howdolivingsituationsaccountforvaluedifferencesbetweendifferentcultures?

Forexample,Japaneseliveinalittleofarableland,evenmainlyvalcanoes.thus,theybuilttheirhomestogetherverycloselyinordertomakeuseofeveryavailablelandandtheycanworktogetherinplantingandharvestingofriceeffectively.Inthissituation,japanenes’centralsocialvaluebecauseoflivingcloseproximitythatgaveverylittleprivacywasthatanidividualdoesnotmatter.However,intheU.S.itiscommontoseeapatternofasinglefarmhousesurroundedbyfirelds.thenearnestneighborwasperhaphstwomilesdistant.inevitably,thecentralsocialvalueswereself-relianceandindependence.

4.Whatareculturalvalues?

Thecommonlyheldstandardsofwhatisacceptableorunacceptable,importantorunimportant,rightorwrong,goodorbad,trueorfalse,workableorunworkable,etc.,inacommunityorsociety.

Valuesrepresentalearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingtheconflicts.

5.Whatarethefivedimensionstoconsiderwhendoingstudiesofculturaldifferences（culturevalue）?

（1）Idividualismversuscollectivism（involvespeople’srelationshipstothelargersocialgroups;socialrelationship）

Idividualism;keywordsincludeindependence,privacy,self,andallimportantI

Collectivismbelieveinobligationstothegroup,weconscioucenessandanemphasisonbelonging.

（2）uncertaintyavoidance（howtoadapttochangesandcopewithuncertainties,）

Greece（planeverything0versusSingapore（likeuncertainty）

（3）powerdistance（allpeopleinaculturedonothaveequalslevelsofstatusorsocialpower.）MalaysiaversusNewZealand

（4）masculinityversusfemininity（workhardertogetachievement,wealthversuscaringfortheothersandthequatityoflife）JapanversusThailand

（5）orientationtotime（along-termorientationscheduleforworkandlifeversusashort-termorientationtowardchangingevents）

6.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenahigh-contextcultureandalow-contextone?

Low-contextinteractionemphasizesdirecttalk,person-orientedfocus,self-enhancementmode,andtheimportanceof“talk”:

high-contextinteraction,incontraststressesindirecttalk,status-orientedfocus,self-esffacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.

U4:

1.Whatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture?

Cultureandlanguageareinterwinedandshapedeachother.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentence,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Culturalliteracy（特定领域的能力或知识）isnecessarytounderstandthelanguagebeingused.

（1）alllanguageshavesocialquestionsandinformationquestions.

Forexemple:

inAmeircaEnglish,thequestion“Howareyou”isasocialquestion,theAmericansregisterthephraseas“hello”.ButinGermanyandRussia,thephaseisanimformationqustion.thespeakeratuallywantstogetananswertoit.

（2）languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.

Forexemple,intheAmazonareasnowisnotpartoftheenvironment.Therefore,peopleinthatregiondonothaveawordforsnow.however,mostAmericans,wholiveanenvironmentwhereIitsnowsmostmonthsoftheyear,usetermssuchassnow,sleet,slush,blizzardandice.

（3）languagereflectsculturalvalues.awayofthinking.

whenwetranslateconceptsfromaforeignlanguageandculturalwithwords,wehavetochoosetheprioritywordsinodertocommunicateeffectively.Culturalkowledgeisimpotantaslinguisticknowledge.

Forexample,Ameriansarefrustratedwiththemananamentality（西班牙语的明天心态）ofSpanish-speakingcountries:

forAmericantomorrowmeansmidnighttomidnight,averyprecisetimeperiod,ToMexicans,mananameansinthefuture,soon.

（4,）Differentcuturesuseidentical