历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案.docx

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案.docx

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历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福试题

阅读（55minutes）

Question1-11

Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterial

isexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothese

bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?

Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth

century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous

（5）generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving

matter.

ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur（1822-1895）.Pasteurshowedthatstructures

presentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid

（10）thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.After

theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad

trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteur

foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom

0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive

（15）structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.

Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould

notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated

fromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly

（20）beingdepositedonallobjects.

Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedto

boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor

spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway

（25）byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair

couldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.

1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（a）Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.

（b）Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

（c）Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.

（d）Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto

（a）fullof

（b）developinginto

（c）resistantto

（d）hurtby

3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?

（a）Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?

（b）Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?

（c）Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?

（d）Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?

4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto

（a）benefitfrom

（b）appearsimilarto

（c）jointogetherwith

（d）growfrom

5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto

（a）trapparticlesforanalysis

（b）slowtheprocessofputrefaction

（c）increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide

（d）aidthemixingofalcoholandether

6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe

（a）thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject

（b）diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters

（c）thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused

（d）sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected

7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto

（a）analyzed

（b）doubted

（c）persuaded

（d）suggested

8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere

（a）primarilysingle-celledorganisms

（b）nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials

（c）fairlyrare

（d）abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether

9.Theword“it”inline22refersto

（a）anutrientsolution

（b）aglassflask

（c）boiling

（d）spontaneousgeneration

10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?

（a）Asealedcontainer

（b）Freshair

（c）Heat

（d）Thepresenceofnutrients

11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto

（a）storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments

（b）preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution

（c）disproveacriticismofhisconclusions

（d）estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair

Questions12-20

IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer

associety’shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.Theperiodbetweenthe

Revolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof

（5）thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlyby

ThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagood

society,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat

（10）alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomic

enterprise.

Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand

（15）launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,

governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagriculturalproducts.

Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophers

hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome

（20）morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprang

upthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsand

pureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.

Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.Farmers

streamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresponded

（25）lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescities

andindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecause

ofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.

12.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（a）TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson

（b）Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture

（c）Improvementsinfarmingtechniques

（d）Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer

13.Theword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto

（a）improved

（b）relied

（c）demanded

（d）explained

14.TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asanexampleof

（a）aleaderduringtheRevolution

（b）aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques

（c）aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety

（d）afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment

15.Thephrase“subscribedto”inline8isclosestinmeaningto

（a）contributedto

（b）agreedwith

（c）thoughtabout

（d）expandedon

16.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinparagraph1?

（a）AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’sviewsofagricultureandfarmers.

（b）Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.

（c）Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.

（d）Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’seconomy.

17.Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT

（a）buildroads

（b）importnewplantvarieties

（c）givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops

（d）developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts

18.Allofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers’meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT

（a）obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers

（b）accumulatingpersonalwealth

（c）plantingnewcrops

（d）becomingmorescientific

19.Theword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto

（a）predictable

（b）impressive

（c）famous

（d）gradual

20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?

（a）Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.

（b）EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.

（c）ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.

（d）Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.

Question21-29

ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternof

soilregions.Ingeneral,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioning

into“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches

（50centimeters）,soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops

（5）dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic（higherinacidcontent）noralkaline（hig