语言与文化q.docx
《语言与文化q.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言与文化q.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
语言与文化q
Chapter1. Language,CultureandThought.
（Language,cultureandthoughtinteract,eachinfluencingandshapingtheothers.）
1. PropertiesofLanguage（systematic[itisrulegoverned]+arbitrary[nologicalrelationshipbetweenwordsandtheobjects,actionsandconceptsthesewordsareusedtoreferto;onomatopoeicwordsandcompoundsarenotarbitrary]+symbolic[languageexpressaresymbols]+vocal+uniquelyhuman+forcommunication[itistheprimaryfunctionoflanguage]+understandanddescribetheworld+carrierandcontainerofculturalinformation）
2. Definitionsandpropertiesofculture
Definitionsofculture（canbedefinedasattributesofmanorlifewayofapopulation）
Cultureinitsbroadsense（itistheattributesofman.1.marterialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds;2.socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished;3.knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment;languageandothercommunicationsystes;5.customs,habitsandbehaviouralpatterns;6.valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.Cultureinitsbroadsenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”or“academicculture”）
Cultureinitsnarrowsense（iscalled“smallcculture”or“”anthropologicalculture,includesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customsandothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofasociety）
Propertiesofculture（cultureishumanspecific;cultureisasocialphenomenon;cultureisanationalphenomenon;cultureisalsoahistoricalphenomenon.Cultureisgeneralandabstract.）
odelsfortheanalysisofculture（keyquestion;[itisimporttohavekeyquestionsinmindwhenobservingandstudyingculture.Ithelppromotesystematicobservation.];thethematicmodel;[heemphasizesthreeculturalelements:
values,traitsandworldviews.];sevenfacets[apatternedactivity;theappropriatenessofsuchanactivity;theparticularsubject,thedoer,theobjecttowardwhichthebehaviourisdirected,therecipientofthebehavior;ofthebehavior;somemeansexternaltoboththesubjectandobjectofthebehaviour;thepurposeoftheactivity;theresultoftheactivity.]（一系列活动；活动的适当性；活动的详细主题，实行者；活动实行的外部手段；指导主体与客体，活动的目的；活动的结果。
））
Chapter2.WordsandMeaning
1.Whatarewordsandmeaning?
Word（itisintuitivelyrecognizablearebasicunitsofmeaning.）
Meaning（wordsrepresentmeaning.Itisincludedconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.）
ConceptualMeaning（概念）（isthebasicmeaningpresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits.）
Associativemeaningincludedthecontentsasfollow:
Connotativemeaning（内涵意义）:
（isthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Suchas“women”）
Socialmeaning（社会意义）:
itiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Suchas“residence”and“domicile”）
Affectivemeaning（情感意义）:
iscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage
Reflectedmeaning（影射含义）:
itisarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning.Whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Suchas“theComforter”and“theHolyGhost”areallrefertotheGod.
Collocativemeaning（配置意义）:
itisconsistsofassociationsawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit.
Thematicmeaning（专题意义）:
itiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesamessage,intermsofordering,focus,oremphasis.Suchasactivesentencesandpassivemeaning.
2.Wordsandconceptualmeaning
2.1Wordsandculture-specificconceptualmeaning
2.1.1Wordsandgeography
TheUnitedStatesofAmerica 美利坚合众国
TheMississippi 蜜西西河
Superior 苏必利尔湖
NiagaraFalls 尼亚加拉大瀑布
RockyMountains 落矶水脉
3.Wordsandassociativemeaning
3.1Wordsandconnotativemeaning
book:
C:
containknowledgeandwisdomforpeople,youthmustlearn
E:
itexpressideasforpeopletoconsider,toagreeordisagree,andtocomment
Sexy:
C:
connotesloosesexmorality
E:
itisapositivehumanquality
Old,young:
C:
youngmeansinexperienced,andinconsistent.Oldmeansmature,skilledandexperienced.
E:
youngmeansflexible,vigorous,andcreative.Oldmeanstraditional,senile,anduseless.
Dog:
C:
isverypejorative.
E:
itcanevenbeconsideredasafamilymember.
Peasant:
C:
doesn’thavederogatoryconnotations.
E:
ithasderogatory
Landlord,capitalist,boss:
C:
arepejorativeinChinese
E:
not
Comrade:
C:
connoteswarmth,friendlinessandequality
E:
meansspiesoftheSovietUnion
Ambitious,aggressive:
C:
itispejorative
E:
itisconsideredgoodqualitiesandbothpositiveinmeaning.
Self-mademan:
C:
E:
itispositiveterm.Connotinglackoffinancialfoundationandinfluentialconnections.
Individualism:
C:
itismeansselfishness
E:
itispositiveterm
Propaganda:
C:
itisaneutralterm.
E:
itisapejorativeterminEnglish
Do-gooder:
C:
itismeansunselfishandhelpful
E:
itisapejorativeterminEnglish
Spiritual:
C:
ithasn’tthismeansinChinese
Chapter4.CulturalDifferencesinEverybodyConversations
1.Vocativesandculture
Names（Englishpeoplehavegivennames,surnames,fullnames,withorwithoutatitle,andnicknamesorpetnames.）
Religiousnames
Chineseversions
Meaningchinewe
Christian
克里斯蒂安
基督信徒
Christopher
克里斯多弗
基督的仆人,基督的使者
Eliot
埃利奥特
上帝的礼物
Elisha
埃力沙
上帝是救世主
Godwin
戈德温
上帝的朋友
John
约翰
上帝是仁慈的
Jonathan
乔纳森
上帝所赐
Joseph
约瑟夫
上帝赐我一个儿子
Lemuel
莱缪尔
属于上帝
Timothy
蒂莫西
上帝尊荣
Angela
安琪拉
天使
Astride
阿丝特莉德
上帝的力量
Dorothy
多萝西
上帝的礼物
Elizabeth
伊丽莎白
上帝的祭品
Namerelatedtotheplantandflowers
Plantorflowernames
Chineseversions
MeaninginChinese
Camellia
卡梅丽娅
山茶花
Daisy
戴西
雏菊
Daphne
达芙妮
月桂
Evelyn
伊芙琳
榛子
Flora
弗洛拉
花朵
Heather
希维尔
石南花
Iris
艾丽丝
蝴蝶花
Ivy
艾维
常青藤
Laura
劳拉
月桂
Lily
莉莉
百合
Muriel
穆丽尔
没药花
Rhoda
罗达
玫瑰
Susanna
苏珊娜
百合
Viola
维黛拉
紫罗兰
Namerelatedtotheweapons
Weaponnames
Chineseversions
MeaninginChinese
Barry
马里
矛
Edgar
埃德加
华美的矛
Gerald
杰拉尔德
矛之王
Oscar
奥斯卡
天赐之予
Gertrude
格特鲁德
护矛女神
Giles
贾尔斯
盾
Brenda
布伦达
剑
Namesrelatedtoknowledge,authority,famearealsoquitecommoninEnglish
Namesofknowledge,authority,fame
ChineseVersions
MeaninginChinese
Abraham
阿伯拉罕
万民之父
Alexander
亚力山大
人类的保护者
Arthur
亚瑟
勇敢,力大
Benjamin
本杰明
心爱的儿子
Edmund
埃德蒙
富有的保护者
Guy
盖伊
领袖
Harold
哈罗德
统帅
Henry
亨利
家庭统治者
Herbert
赫伯特
军队的光荣
2.2 proverbsderivedfromtheBibleandgreatEnglishliteraryworks
Nevercastyourpearlsbeforeswine。
不可明珠暗投。
/不可对牛谈琴。
Hethatincreasethknowledgeincreasethsorrow知识越广，遗憾越多。
Gossipingandlyinggohandinhand闲话与谎话结伴同行
Pridegoesbeforeahall骄傲是失败的向导
Allareofthedust,andallturntothedustagain从从来自泥土，又变回泥土
Judgenotaccordingtoappearance.不可根据外表判断/勿以貌取人
Greatmenarenotalwayswise.伟人并非事事聪明
WaterMargin水浒传
DreamofRedMansions红楼梦
Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet玫瑰无论叫什么名字都是香的
Alltheworldisastage.Andallthemenandwomenaremerelyplayers.整个世界就是个大舞台，形形色色的人们只是其中的演员。
Lifeisbutawalkingshadow人生不是移动的影子
Itisbettertobeabeggarthanafool作乞丐胜过作傻瓜
Uneasyliestheheadthatwearscrown戴王冠的脑袋躺不安稳
Everywisemandreadethhisenemy聪明人不吃眼前亏
Bettertoreigninhellthanserveinheaven宁在地狱为群，不在天堂为臣
Thechildisfatheroftheman从小知其人
Knowledgeispower 知识就是力量
2.3 proverbsrelatedtoGreco-Romancivilization
onefallsintoScyllainseekingtoavoidCharybdis为避虎穴，又入狼窝。
withoutCeresandBacchus,Venusgrowscold离开克瑞斯和巴克劳动保护，维纳斯便心灰意冷
FarfromJupiter,farfromthunder远离朱庇特，远离了雷电
IfeartheGreeksevenwhentheybringgifts.希腊人送礼时也让我害怕
MarryinMay,repentalways.五月结婚，后悔终身。
Homersometimesnods智者千虑，必有一失
Fromhisfoot,youmayknowHercules.从他的脚，你就可以认出大力士
2.4 proverbsrelatedtogeography
CarrycoalstoNewcastle北煤上煤都，多此一举。
LemsterbreadandWeableyale,dunmowbaconandDoncasterdaggers.吐鲁番的葡萄，哈密的瓜，库车的姑娘美如花。
Englandistheringingisland英国是充满钟声的岛屿
Blessedistheeye,thatisbetwixtSevernandWye塞文河和瓦伊河之间的风光，令人大饱眼福
Oxfordforlearning,LondonforWit,HullforwomenandYordforhorses.牛津人学问好，伦敦人才智高，哈勒的女人美，约克的马匹好
Chapter7.Honourifics,TermsofHumility,EuphemismsandTaboos
Honourifics（itisthathonourificsarelanguageformsusedinspeechestoshowrespecttoasuperior.）
InChinese:
itishardtosayforsurewhytherearesomanyhonourificsinChinese.suchas,您，陛下，令堂，令尊。
ButinEnglishculturefamiliarityishighlyvalued.Chineselearnershaveto“forget”or“ignore”.Therearehonourificsinenglish,too,forexample,majesty,honourableandexcellency.Englishhonourificsarenotfrequentlyusedindailyspeechesandconversations.ChinesehonourificsoftendonothaveequivalentsinEnglish.
您，您老you
先生/女士：
you
局长、经理、老师等youorthepersons’names
爷爷、奶奶、伯父、伯母等you
哥哥，姐姐you
令尊，令堂，二老yourfather,yourmother,yourparents.
令郎、令爱等yourson,yourdaughter,etc
贵姓，尊姓大名yourname
贵庚yourage
贵国，贵校，贵厂，贵府等。
Yourcountry,yourschool,yourfactory,yourhome,etc.
惠函 yourletter
久仰大名，久仰I’veheardalotaboutyou.Yournameiswell-knownheretous…
欢迎光临welcome,welcometo…
欢迎指导welcome,welcometo…
你有何高见what’syouropinion?
I’dliketohaveyouropinion
您有何贵干whatbringyouhere?
I’dliketoknowwhyyou’rehere?
请提宝贵意见:
pleasegiveusyourcommentsorsuggestions.Couldyougiveusyourcommentsorsuggestions?
请赐教pleasebesokindastogivemesomeadviceorsuggestions
拜托requestsomebodytodosomething;“wouldyoubesokindastodo…?
”
拜谢expressone’sgratitude
拜访
升级会员 