语言与文化q.docx

1、语言与文化qChapter 1. Language, Culture and Thought. (Language, culture and thought interact, each influencing and shaping the others.)1. Properties of Language(systematicit is rule governed +arbitraryno logical relationship between words and the objects, actions and concepts these words are used to refe

2、r to; onomatopoeic words and compounds are not arbitrary +symboliclanguage express are symbols+vocal+ uniquely human +for communicationit is the primary function of language+ understand and describe the world+ carrier and container of cultural information)2. Definitions and properties of culture Def

3、initions of culture(can be defined as attributes of man or lifeway of a population)Culture in its broad sense(it is the attributes of man. 1.marterials man has got to satisfy his needs; 2. social institutions and organizations man has established; 3. knowledge about nature and man himself and artist

4、ic development; language and other communication systes; 5. customs, habits and behavioural patterns; 6. value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns. Culture in its broad sense is also called “large C culture” or “academic culture”) Culture in its narrow se

5、nse( is called “small c culture” or “”anthropological culture, includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society) Properties of culture(culture is human specific; culture is a social phenomenon; culture is a national phen

6、omenon; culture is also a historical phenomenon. Culture is general and abstract. ) odels for the analysis of culture(key question; it is import to have key questions in mind when observing and studying culture. It help promote systematic observation.; the thematic model; he emphasizes three cultura

7、l elements: values, traits and world views.; seven facets a patterned activity; the appropriateness of such an activity; the particular subject, the doer, the object toward which the behaviour is directed, the recipient of the behavior; of the behavior; some means external to both the subject and ob

8、ject of the behaviour; the purpose of the activity; the result of the activity. (一系列活动；活动的适当性；活动的详细主题，实行者；活动实行的外部手段；指导主体与客体，活动的目的；活动的结果。) Chapter 2. Words and Meaning 1. What are words and meaning?Word(it is intuitively recognizable are basic units of meaning. )Meaning (words represent meaning. It i

9、s included conceptual meaning and associative meaning.)Conceptual Meaning(概念)(is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units.)Associative meaning included the contents as follow:Connotative meaning(内涵意义): (is the communicative value an expression has in addition to the purely conceptu

10、al meaning. Such as “women”)Social meaning(社会意义): it is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Such as “residence” and “domicile”)Affective meaning(情感意义): is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in languageReflected meaning(影射含义): it is arise

11、s in words of multiple conceptual meaning. When one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. Such as “the Comforter” and “the Holy Ghost” are all refer to the God. Collocative meaning(配置意义): it is consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together

12、with it.Thematic meaning(专题意义): it is what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes a message, in terms of ordering, focus, or emphasis. Such as active sentences and passive meaning. 2. Words and conceptual meaning2.1 Words and culture-specific conceptual meaning 2.1.1 Words

13、 and geography The United States of America 美利坚合众国 The Mississippi 蜜西西河 Superior 苏必利尔湖 Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布 Rocky Mountains 落矶水脉 3. Words and associative meaning3.1 Words and connotative meaningbook: C: contain knowledge and wisdom for people, youth must learn E: it express ideas for people to cons

14、ider, to agree or disagree, and to commentSexy: C: connotes loose sex morality E: it is a positive human qualityOld, young: C: young means inexperienced, and inconsistent. Old means mature, skilled and experienced. E: young means flexible, vigorous, and creative. Old means traditional, senile, and u

15、seless.Dog: C: is very pejorative. E: it can even be considered as a family member.Peasant: C: doesnt have derogatory connotations. E: it has derogatoryLandlord, capitalist, boss: C: are pejorative in Chinese E: notComrade: C: connotes warmth, friendliness and equality E: means spies of the Soviet U

16、nionAmbitious, aggressive: C: it is pejorative E: it is considered good qualities and both positive in meaning.Self-made man: C: E: it is positive term. Connoting lack of financial foundation and influential connections.Individualism: C: it is means selfishness E: it is positive termPropaganda: C: i

17、t is a neutral term. E: it is a pejorative term in EnglishDo-gooder: C: it is means unselfish and helpful E: it is a pejorative term in EnglishSpiritual: C: it hasnt this means in ChineseChapter 4. Cultural Differences in Everybody Conversations 1. Vocatives and cultureNames(English people have give

18、n names, surnames, full names, with or without a title, and nicknames or pet names.)Religious namesChinese versionsMeaning chineweChristian克里斯蒂安基督信徒Christopher克里斯多弗基督的仆人,基督的使者Eliot埃利奥特上帝的礼物Elisha埃力沙上帝是救世主Godwin戈德温上帝的朋友John约翰上帝是仁慈的Jonathan乔纳森上帝所赐Joseph约瑟夫上帝赐我一个儿子Lemuel莱缪尔属于上帝Timothy蒂莫西上帝尊荣Angela安琪拉天使

19、Astride阿丝特莉德上帝的力量Dorothy多萝西上帝的礼物Elizabeth伊丽莎白上帝的祭品Name related to the plant and flowersPlant or flower namesChinese versionsMeaning in ChineseCamellia卡梅丽娅山茶花Daisy戴西雏菊Daphne达芙妮月桂Evelyn伊芙琳榛子Flora弗洛拉花朵Heather希维尔石南花Iris艾丽丝蝴蝶花Ivy艾维常青藤Laura劳拉月桂Lily莉莉百合Muriel穆丽尔没药花Rhoda罗达玫瑰Susanna苏珊娜百合Viola维黛拉紫罗兰Name relat

20、ed to the weaponsWeapon namesChinese versionsMeaning in ChineseBarry马里矛Edgar埃德加华美的矛Gerald杰拉尔德矛之王Oscar奥斯卡天赐之予Gertrude格特鲁德护矛女神Giles贾尔斯盾Brenda布伦达剑Names related to knowledge, authority, fame are also quite common in EnglishNames of knowledge, authority,fameChinese VersionsMeaning in ChineseAbraham阿伯拉罕万民

21、之父Alexander亚力山大人类的保护者Arthur亚瑟勇敢,力大Benjamin本杰明心爱的儿子Edmund埃德蒙富有的保护者Guy盖伊领袖Harold哈罗德统帅Henry亨利家庭统治者Herbert赫伯特军队的光荣2.2 proverbs derived from the Bible and great English literary worksNever cast your pearls before swine。不可明珠暗投。/不可对牛谈琴。He that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow 知识越广，遗憾越多。Gossiping and

22、lying go hand in hand 闲话与谎话结伴同行Pride goes before a hall 骄傲是失败的向导All are of the dust, and all turn to the dust again 从从来自泥土，又变回泥土Judge not according to appearance. 不可根据外表判断/勿以貌取人Great men are not always wise. 伟人并非事事聪明Water Margin 水浒传Dream of Red Mansions 红楼梦A rose by any other name would smell as swe

23、et 玫瑰无论叫什么名字都是香的All the world is a stage. And all the men and women are merely players. 整个世界就是个大舞台，形形色色的人们只是其中的演员。Life is but a walking shadow 人生不是移动的影子It is better to be a beggar than a fool 作乞丐胜过作傻瓜Uneasy lies the head that wears crown 戴王冠的脑袋躺不安稳Every wise man dreadeth his enemy 聪明人不吃眼前亏Better to

24、reign in hell than serve in heaven 宁在地狱为群，不在天堂为臣The child is father of the man 从小知其人Knowledge is power 知识就是力量2.3 proverbs related to Greco-Roman civilizationone falls into Scylla in seeking to avoid Charybdis 为避虎穴，又入狼窝。without Ceres and Bacchus, Venus grows cold 离开克瑞斯和巴克劳动保护，维纳斯便心灰意冷Far from Jupiter

25、, far from thunder 远离朱庇特，远离了雷电I fear the Greeks even when they bring gifts. 希腊人送礼时也让我害怕Marry in May, repent always. 五月结婚，后悔终身。Homer sometimes nods 智者千虑，必有一失From his foot, you may know Hercules. 从他的脚，你就可以认出大力士2.4 proverbs related to geographyCarry coals to Newcastle 北煤上煤都，多此一举。Lemster bread and Weabl

26、ey ale, dunmow bacon and Doncaster daggers. 吐鲁番的葡萄，哈密的瓜，库车的姑娘美如花。England is the ringing island 英国是充满钟声的岛屿Blessed is the eye, that is betwixt Severn and Wye 塞文河和瓦伊河之间的风光，令人大饱眼福Oxford for learning, London for Wit, Hull for women and Yord for horses.牛津人学问好，伦敦人才智高，哈勒的女人美，约克的马匹好 Chapter 7. Honourifics, T

27、erms of Humility, Euphemisms and TaboosHonourifics (it is that honourifics are language forms used in speeches to show respect to a superior.)In Chinese: it is hard to say for sure why there are so many honourifics in Chinese.such as, 您，陛下，令堂，令尊。But in English culture familiarity is highly valued. C

28、hinese learners have to “forget” or “ignore”. There are honourifics in english, too, for example, majesty, honourable and excellency. English honourifics are not frequently used in daily speeches and conversations. Chinese honourifics often do not have equivalents in English.您，您老 you先生/女士： you局长、经理、

29、老师等 you or the persons names爷爷、奶奶、伯父、伯母等 you哥哥，姐姐 you令尊，令堂，二老 your father, your mother, your parents.令郎、令爱等 your son, your daughter, etc贵姓，尊姓大名 your name贵庚 your age贵国，贵校，贵厂，贵府等。Your country, your school, your factory, your home, etc.惠函 your letter久仰大名，久仰 Ive heard a lot about you. Your name is well-

30、known here to us欢迎光临welcome, welcome to欢迎指导 welcome, welcome to你有何高见 whats your opinion? Id like to have your opinion您有何贵干 what bring you here? Id like to know why youre here?请提宝贵意见: please give us your comments or suggestions. Could you give us your comments or suggestions?请赐教 please be so kind as to give me some advice or suggestions拜托 request somebody to do something; “would you be so kind as to do?”拜谢 express ones gratitude拜访