文献格式 哈佛体系.docx

文献格式 哈佛体系.docx

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文献格式哈佛体系

Referencing-TheHarvardSystem

（Downloadpdfversion）

Introduction

Asastudent,itisimportantthatyouidentifyinyourassessmentwhenyouareusingthewordsorideasofanotherauthor.Themostacceptedwayofacknowledgingtheworkofanotherauthoristouseareferencingsystem.AttheDepartmentofLifelongLearningyouarerequiredtousetheHarvardreferencingsystem.

Thefollowingguidetellsyouwhyyouneedtouseareferencingsystem,showsyouhowtoinsertreferencesinthetextofyourassignments,andshowsyouhowtocompileareferencelist.Whiletherearemanyvariationsonthe‘Harvard’system,theonepresentedinthisguideisthemostsimple.Itdoesawaywithmostusagesof‘p’and‘pp’tosignifypagenumbersanditreplacessomeofthecommaswithcolons.Also,thisguideisbynomeansanexhaustivelistofallthereferencingconventionsthatyouwillrequireinyouracademiclife.

Whyyoushoulduseareferencingsystem

Asapartofanacademiccommunity,itisimportantthatyoushowthereaderwhereyouhaveusedsomeoneelse’sideasorwords.FailuretoproperlyreferenceusingtheHarvardsystemmaymakethereaderthinkthatyouarecheatingbyclaimingsomeoneelse’sworkasyourown.Intheacademicenvironment,wecallthisplagiarismanditisseenasaveryseriousoffence.Pleaserememberthatplagiarismisnotjustwhenyoudirectlycopywordsfromanotherstudent’sorexpert’swork.Plagiarismalsooccurswhenyoure-wordsomeoneelse’sideasinyourownworkandyoudonotgivecredittotheoriginalsource.

Plagiarismcanhavedisastrousconsequencesforstudents.Ifyouaresuspectedofplagiarismyoumayfindthatyourassignmentreceivesagradeofzero.Inextremeorrepeatedcases,youmayfindthatyourenrolmentattheuniversityisreviewed.Forfurtherinformation,pleaseconsultsection3ofthestudenthandbook.

Onamorepositivenote,referencingisimportantforreasonsotherthanavoidingplagiarism.Whenyoureferencecorrectlyyouaredemonstratingthatyouhavereadwidelyonatopic.Youarealsosupportingyourhypothesiswithcommentsfromexpertauthors.Thislendscredibilitytoyourownwork.Also,bycorrectlyreferencing,youallowthemarkerorreadertofollow-upyourreferencesandtocheckthevalidityofyourargumentsforthemselves.Thisisanimportantpartoftheacademicprocessasitleadstostudentaccountability.

Collectingallthedetails:

Accuratereferencing

Inordertohaveanaccuraterecordofwhatyouhaveresearchedandthereforeanaccuratereference,itisimportantthatyouwritedownthedetailsofyoursourcesasyoustudy.Whentakingnotes,useaseparatepageforeachnewbook,journalarticle,orelectronicsource.Atthetopofeachpage,clearlyrecordthefollowinginformationforfuturereference.

Forbooks,record:

∙Theauthor’soreditor’sname（ornames）

∙Theyearthebookwaspublished

∙Thetitleofthebook

∙Ifitisaneditionotherthanthefirst

∙Thecitythebookwaspublishedin

∙Thenameofthepublisher

Forjournalarticlesrecord:

∙Theauthor’snameornames

∙Theyearinwhichthejournalwaspublished

∙Thetitleofthearticle

∙Thetitleofthejournal

∙Thepagenumber/softhearticleinthejournal

∙Asmuchotherinformationasyoucanfindaboutthejournal,forexamplethevolumeandissuenumbers

Forelectronicresources,trytocollecttheinformationontheleftifitisavailable,butalsorecord:

∙Thedateyouaccessedthesource

∙Theelectronicaddressoremail

∙Thetypeofelectronicresource（email,discussionforum,WWWpage,etc）

Inadditiontothesedetails,whenyouaretakingnotes,ifyoucopydirectquotationsorifyouputtheauthor’sideasinyourownwords,writedownthepagenumbersyougottheinformationfrom.

Writingtheassessment:

WhatdoIneedtoreference?

Whenyouarewritingyourassessment,besuretotypeinreferenceinformationasyouaddintheideasofotherauthors.Thiswillsaveyoutimeandwillensurethatyoureferenceallsourcesproperly.Wheneveryouusesomeoneelse’sideasorwords,youmustputinareference.Theonlyexceptiontothisruleiswhentheinformationyouhavereadsomewhereiscommonknowledgeor‘publicdomain’information.Forexample,youwouldnotneedtoincludeareferenceifyoustatedinanassignmentthatShakespearewroteplaysandsonnetsinElizabethantimes.

Alwaysreference:

∙

Directquotations–thisiswhenyoucopyanotherauthor’smaterialword-for-word.Youshouldshowthereaderthatitisadirectquotebyplacingthematerialininvertedcommas.Traditionally,doubleinvertedcommashavebeenused（“）butitisnowacceptable,andpreferabletousesingleinvertedcommas（‘）.Sometimesitisdifficulttoavoidthedirectquotationastheauthor’swordsmaypreciselydescribethepointyouaretryingtomake.However,dotrytoavoidtheoveruseofdirectquotations;trytoparaphrasetheauthor’sworkwherepossible.Pleasenotethatwhenyouusedirectquotations,youmustreproducetheauthor’swordsexactly,includingallspelling,capitalisation,punctuation,anderrors.Youmayshowthereaderthatyourecogniseanerrorandthatyouarecorrectlyquotingtheauthorbyplacingtheterm‘sic’inbracketsaftertheerror.

∙Paraphrasing–thisiswhenyoutakeanotherauthor’sideasandputthemintoyourownwords.Youarestillcopyingsomeoneelse’swork,soyoumustreferenceit.Youdonotneedtouseinvertedcommaswhenyouparaphrase,butyoumustclearlyshowthereadertheoriginalsourceofyourinformation.

Referencinginthetextofyourassessment

Thefollowingsectionshowsyouanumberofdifferentexampleswhenquotingandparaphrasinginthetextofyourassessment.Inallreferences,youwillneedtolisttheauthor/editorname/sandtheyearofpublication.Theyearofpublicationcanbefoundonthefirstcoupleofpagesofthebook,alongwiththeotherbibliographicinformation.Lookfortheauthor’sname,acopyrightsymbolandthenadate.Thiswillbethedateofpublication.Inmostreferencesyouwillalsoneedtolistthepagenumber/swhereyoufoundthespecificinformation.Theonlytypeofreferencewherethisisnotrequirediswhenyouparaphraseasummaryofanentirepieceofwork.Asahypotheticalexample,fictitiousauthorJohnPhillipsmighthavewrittenahistorybookin1999thatexaminesgenerationalchanges.Youmightsummariseandcorrectlyreferencetheentiregistofhisbookinthefollowingway.

Phillips（1999）suggeststhatgenerationalchangeisinevitableandcontinuous.

Inallothercircumstances,pleasefollowtheguidelinesbelowandbesuretoincludetheauthor,dateandpagenumber/s.Theformatsaresimilarforeachexamplesopleasenotetheuseofpunctuation,spacingandtheorderofinformation.

Directquotefromabookorjournalarticlewithoneauthor

Whenorganisingourtime,Adair（1988:

51）statesthat‘thecentrepiecewilltendtobegoalsandobjectives’.

OR

Whenorganisingourtime‘thecentrepiecewilltendtobegoalsandobjectives’（Adair,1988:

51）.

Intheseexamples,‘Adair’istheauthor,‘1988’istheyearofpublicationand‘51’isthepagenumberwherethedirectquotecanbefound.

Directquotefromabookorjournalarticlewithtwoauthors

McCarthyandHatcher（1996:

69-70）insistthatwithpresentations‘structuremustbeclearandprecise’.

OR

Withpresentations,‘structuremustbeclearandprecise’（McCarthyandHatcher,1996:

69-70）.

Intheseexamples,thequotewentovertwopagesthereforethepagenumberswererepresentedas69-70,ratherthanasasinglenumber.Alsonoticefromtheexamplessofar,thatwhenthequoteendsthesentence,thefullstopcomesaftertheinvertedcomma.

Directquotefromabookorjournalarticlewiththreeauthors

Fisher,UryandPatton（1991:

37）suggestthatwhenemotionalissuescloudnegotiation,‘somethoughtsarebestleftunsaid’.

OR

‘Somethoughtsarebestleftunsaid’whenemotionalissuescloudnegotiation（Fisher,UryandPatton,1991:

37）.

IfhypotheticalauthorsMorris,Ling,Brown,Smith,andDiazwroteabookpublishedin2000,adirectquotewouldlooklikethis.Notethatinthenextexample,‘etal’means‘andothers’.

Directquotefromabookorjournalarticlewithmorethanthreeauthors

Morrisetal（2000:

47）statethat‘thedebateoftheseparticularissuesshouldbelefttorepresentativecommittees’.

Whenyouparaphrase,itwilllookmuchthesameasthedirectquotationexamples,butwithouttheinvertedcommas.Forexample,ifweparaphrasedanexamplefromtheMcCarthyandHatcherbook,itwouldlooklikethis.

Byimprovingyourpostureyoucanimprovehowyoucommunicatefeelingsofpowerandconfidence（McCarthyandHatcher,1996:

111）.

Whenparaphrasing,usethesamereferencingstyleandconventionsasyouwouldfordirectquotes,butwiththematerialfromthesourceputintoyourownwords,andtheinvertedcommasomitted.Belowisanothercomparativeexampleofthedirectquoteversusparaphrasing.

Directquoteandparaphrasingfromasourcewitha‘corporate’orgovernmentauthor

TheDfEE（2001:

8）suggestthateachyear‘somehaveestimatedthecosttothecountryofpoorliteracyandnumeracyskillstobeashighas£10billion’.

OR-PARAPHRASE

TheeffectoflowlevelsofadultnumeracyandliteracyskillscouldbecostingBritainaround£10billioneachyear（DfEE,2001:

8）.

Youmightalsoliketorearrangethequotesothatthereferencecomesattheend,asyouhavebeenshowninpreviousexamples.

Whenyouareresearching,youmaycomeacrossasituationwherethesameauthorhaswrittentwobooksinthesameyear.Todistinguishonetitlefromanotherinyourreferencing,placealower-casele