文献格式 哈佛体系.docx

1、文献格式 哈佛体系Referencing - The Harvard System(Download pdf version)IntroductionAs a student, it is important that you identify in your assessment when you are using the words or ideas of another author. The most accepted way of acknowledging the work of another author is to use a referencing system. At

2、the Department of Lifelong Learning you are required to use the Harvard referencing system. The following guide tells you why you need to use a referencing system, shows you how to insert references in the text of your assignments, and shows you how to compile a reference list. While there are many

3、variations on the Harvard system, the one presented in this guide is the most simple. It does away with most usages of p and pp to signify page numbers and it replaces some of the commas with colons. Also, this guide is by no means an exhaustive list of all the referencing conventions that you will

4、require in your academic life. Why you should use a referencing systemAs a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone elses ideas or words. Failure to properly reference using the Harvard system may make the reader think that you are cheating

5、by claiming someone elses work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another students or experts work. Plagiarism also occurs when you re-word someone e

6、lses ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source. Plagiarism can have disastrous consequences for students. If you are suspected of plagiarism you may find that your assignment receives a grade of zero. In extreme or repeated cases, you may find that your enrolment at th

7、e university is reviewed. For further information, please consult section 3 of the student handbook. On a more positive note, referencing is important for reasons other than avoiding plagiarism. When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. You are also sup

8、porting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors. This lends credibility to your own work. Also, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow-up your references and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic proces

9、s as it leads to student accountability.Collecting all the details: Accurate referencingIn order to have an accurate record of what you have researched and therefore an accurate reference, it is important that you write down the details of your sources as you study. When taking notes, use a separate

10、 page for each new book, journal article, or electronic source. At the top of each page, clearly record the following information for future reference.For books, record: The authors or editors name (or names) The year the book was published The title of the book If it is an edition other than the fi

11、rst The city the book was published in The name of the publisher For journal articles record: The authors name or names The year in which the journal was published The title of the article The title of the journal The page number/s of the article in the journal As much other information as you can f

12、ind about the journal, for example the volume and issue numbers For electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but also record: The date you accessed the source The electronic address or email The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, WWW pag

13、e, etc) In addition to these details, when you are taking notes, if you copy direct quotations or if you put the authors ideas in your own words, write down the page numbers you got the information from. Writing the assessment: What do I need to reference?When you are writing your assessment, be sur

14、e to type in reference information as you add in the ideas of other authors. This will save you time and will ensure that you reference all sources properly. Whenever you use someone elses ideas or words, you must put in a reference. The only exception to this rule is when the information you have r

15、ead somewhere is common knowledge or public domain information. For example, you would not need to include a reference if you stated in an assignment that Shakespeare wrote plays and sonnets in Elizabethan times. Always reference: Direct quotations this is when you copy another authors material word

16、-for-word. You should show the reader that it is a direct quote by placing the material in inverted commas. Traditionally, double inverted commas have been used (“) but it is now acceptable, and preferable to use single inverted commas (). Sometimes it is difficult to avoid the direct quotation as t

17、he authors words may precisely describe the point you are trying to make. However, do try to avoid the overuse of direct quotations; try to paraphrase the authors work where possible. Please note that when you use direct quotations, you must reproduce the authors words exactly, including all spellin

18、g, capitalisation, punctuation, and errors. You may show the reader that you recognise an error and that you are correctly quoting the author by placing the term sic in brackets after the error. Paraphrasing this is when you take another authors ideas and put them into your own words. You are still

19、copying someone elses work, so you must reference it. You do not need to use inverted commas when you paraphrase, but you must clearly show the reader the original source of your information. Referencing in the text of your assessmentThe following section shows you a number of different examples whe

20、n quoting and paraphrasing in the text of your assessment. In all references, you will need to list the author/editor name/s and the year of publication. The year of publication can be found on the first couple of pages of the book, along with the other bibliographic information. Look for the author

21、s name, a copyright symbol and then a date. This will be the date of publication. In most references you will also need to list the page number/s where you found the specific information. The only type of reference where this is not required is when you paraphrase a summary of an entire piece of wor

22、k. As a hypothetical example, fictitious author John Phillips might have written a history book in 1999 that examines generational changes. You might summarise and correctly reference the entire gist of his book in the following way.Phillips (1999) suggests that generational change is inevitable and

23、 continuous.In all other circumstances, please follow the guidelines below and be sure to include the author, date and page number/s. The formats are similar for each example so please note the use of punctuation, spacing and the order of information.Direct quote from a book or journal article with

24、one authorWhen organising our time, Adair (1988: 51) states that the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives.ORWhen organising our time the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives (Adair, 1988: 51).In these examples, Adair is the author, 1988 is the year of publication and 51 is th

25、e page number where the direct quote can be found. Direct quote from a book or journal article with two authorsMcCarthy and Hatcher (1996: 69-70) insist that with presentations structure must be clear and precise.ORWith presentations, structure must be clear and precise (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996:

26、69-70).In these examples, the quote went over two pages therefore the page numbers were represented as 69-70, rather than as a single number. Also notice from the examples so far, that when the quote ends the sentence, the full stop comes after the inverted comma.Direct quote from a book or journal

27、article with three authorsFisher, Ury and Patton (1991: 37) suggest that when emotional issues cloud negotiation, some thoughts are best left unsaid.ORSome thoughts are best left unsaid when emotional issues cloud negotiation (Fisher, Ury and Patton, 1991: 37).If hypothetical authors Morris, Ling, B

28、rown, Smith, and Diaz wrote a book published in 2000, a direct quote would look like this. Note that in the next example, et al means and others.Direct quote from a book or journal article with more than three authorsMorris et al (2000: 47) state that the debate of these particular issues should be

29、left to representative committees.When you paraphrase, it will look much the same as the direct quotation examples, but without the inverted commas. For example, if we paraphrased an example from the McCarthy and Hatcher book, it would look like this.By improving your posture you can improve how you

30、 communicate feelings of power and confidence (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996: 111).When paraphrasing, use the same referencing style and conventions as you would for direct quotes, but with the material from the source put into your own words, and the inverted commas omitted. Below is another comparati

31、ve example of the direct quote versus paraphrasing.Direct quote and paraphrasing from a source with a corporate or government authorThe DfEE (2001: 8) suggest that each year some have estimated the cost to the country of poor literacy and numeracy skills to be as high as 10 billion.OR - PARAPHRASETh

32、e effect of low levels of adult numeracy and literacy skills could be costing Britain around 10 billion each year (DfEE, 2001: 8). You might also like to rearrange the quote so that the reference comes at the end, as you have been shown in previous examples. When you are researching, you may come across a situation where the same author has written two books in the same year. To distinguish one title from another in your referencing, place a lower-case le