建筑英语论文 1.docx

建筑英语论文 1.docx

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建筑英语论文1

Community-orientedlandscapedesignforsustainabilityinarchitectureandplanning

Abstract:

Sustainabledesignhasalottodowithsociety,economyandenvironment'sprinciples,andtheseelementsshouldbeconsideredindesignprocess.Socialaspectsofsustainability,isinneedofcommunityparticipation.Participationinthedesignprocessespeciallyinlandscapearchitectureanddesignisoneofthemostimportantfactorswhichareemphasizedinrecentyearsandnewpaperistoproposeasystematicguidelinetofindcommunityneedsanddemandsinordertodevelopacommunity-orientedlandscapedesign.Thismodeldevelopedtomeetsustainabilityinarchitectureandplanning,whichisexaminedincaseofIran,Tehran,Majid-AbadPark.

Keywords:

community-oriented;landscapedesign;sustainabledesign;customers'needs;customersatisfaction;majid-abadpark。

1.INTRODUCTION

Theurbanoutdoorspaceshaveexceptionalenvironmentalimportancewithregardtotheircontributiontothereductionofvarioustypesofpollutionandtotheimprovementofmicroclimaticconditions.Furthermore,urbanopenspacesmakepositivecontributionstohumanhealthandwellbeingandtheyleadtoanimportantcontributiontohumanthermalcomfortinexteriorspaces[1].Besideaesthetic,psychologicalandhealthbenefits,naturalfeaturesincitiescanhaveothersocialbenefits[2].Aspectssuchas“amountofpublicgreenspacesperinhabitant”,“publicparks”and“recreationareas”areoftenmentionedasimportantfactorstomakethecityliveable,pleasantandattractiveforitscitizens.Itisstronglybelievedthatdevelopingmoresustainablecitiesisnotjustaboutimprovingtheabioticandbioticaspectsofurbanlife,itisalsoaboutthesocialaspectsofcitylife,thatis—amongothers—aboutpeople’ssatisfaction,experiencesandperceptionsofthequalityoftheireverydayenvironments[3].Soagoodstrategyforasustainablelandscapedevelopmentshouldnotonlyfocusonsustainingthephysical

landscaperesources,butitshouldalsoandperhapsmostofallguaranteethattheresidentscanparticipateinthelandscapedevelopment[4].Sustainabilityindicatorsforurbandevelopmentshouldincludemoreparametersaboutpublicspacesandgreenopenareas,aswellasindexesreflectingcitizens’satisfactionandperceptionoftheirlivingenvironments[3].Thispaperdirecttotheimportanceofurbanparksforthewellbeingofthecitizensandforthesustainabilityofthecitytheylivein.

2.LiteratureReview

.CommunityandAdvantagesofParticipation

Conceptssuchas‘community’and‘communityparticipation’havebeenintensivelyproblematizedinrecentdecadesinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Contextsareindeeddifferentandvaried[5].Theword‘community’isanumbrellatermthatisdefinedandappliedinamyriadofways[6].

Citizenparticipationis,however,alotmorethanjustconsultingpeopleforthesuccessfulresolutionofsocial,culturalandeconomicissuesrelatedtoenvironmentalconflicts.Theprimarygoalofparticipationistogiveproperresponsibilitytopeoplefor,andcontrolover,theirlives[7].Theimportanceofcommunityparticipationhasbeenemphasizedinthe5thDevelopmentPlanofIslamicRepublicofIranthathighlightedthenecessitycommunity-orientedapproaches,especiallyinlandscapearchitecture.

.ParticipationinProcessDesign

Toproduceanobject-designand,asfarasnecessary,arealizationdesign,onemaywanttodesignthedesignprocessitself.However,asintherealizationprocess,inmanycasesalreadysomekindofdesignprocessmaybeinplace.Experiencedindividualarchitecturalorengineeringdesigners,orsmallteamsofthem,tendtouseinformalproceduresfortheirdesignprocesses,whichtheyhavedevelopedovertime

throughtheirinitialprofessionaltrainingandthroughsubsequentexperimentingandlearning…Professionalizationofprocessdesignhasprogressedmuchlessthaninobjectandrealizationdesign.Aswewillseethismayberelatedtothefactthatinobjectandrealizationdesignonedesignsrespectivelymaterialobjectsandprocesseswithstrongmaterialelements,whileinprocessdesignone

designshumanactionsystems,whichareofafundamentallydifferentnature[8].

Armstrong（1993）observedthattheindividualhasanaturalclaimtoparticipateindecisionmakingrelatedtohis/hersituationwithbothpsychologicalandsocialneedstofeelcontroloverhisorherownlifeconditions.Heexplainsthatdecisionsbecomebetterwhenthepersonswhoareaffectedbecomeapartofthedecisionmakingprocess[9].ifonelongsfordecisionmakingandesteemsthedesignofexpertandparticipativetechnicalsolutionsoverthosedesignedthrough,objectandrealizationdesign,thetechnical/participativeapproachislikelytobeused.MainstagesofthedesignprocesscancomesintoaccountageneraldecidemodelIdentify,design,selection,implementationandevaluationofenvironmentarethemainstagesofthedesignprocess,seefigure1.

Fig.1.Generalmodelfordesigningpracticalprocedure

.QualityFunctionDeployment

Qualityfunctiondeployment（QFD）is‘‘anoverallconceptthatprovidesameansoftranslatingcustomerrequirementsintotheappropriatetechnicalrequirementsforeachstageofproductdevelopmentandproduction[10].Inthe1960s,QualityControlandQualityImprovementhadadistinctivelymanufacturingflavorinJapan....Inthelate1960sandearly1970s,Joji[Yoji]Akaoandotherswenttoworkonimprovingthedesignprocesssothatwhenthenewproductwasintroducedtomanufacturing,itwashighqualityfromthebeginning.TheprocessforimprovingdesignwascalledQualityFunctionDeployment（QFD）.From1975to1995,thistool/processwasintegratedwithotherimprovementtoolstogenerateamosaicofopportunitiesforproductdevelopers[11].SinceitsinitialdevelopmentinJapaninthelate1960sandearly1970s,especiallysinceitsrapidlyspreadingtotheUSinthe1980sandlatertomanyindustriesinmanynations,avastliteratureonQFDhasevolved.TosuitthedifferentneedsofQFDresearchersandpractitioners,itsliteratureneedscategorizingandreviewing.Thisisameaningfulbutdifficultworkthatseemshavingnotbeendoneyet[12].

ThereisnodefiniteboundaryforQFD’spotentialfieldsofapplicationsAndtheinterestsinQFDapplicationsinprocessdesignaregrowingslowly.Variousapplicationswithintheliteraturecanbegroupedunderthreecategoriesas:

QFDimplementationsbeforethedesignprocess;QFDimplementationsduringthedesignprocessandQFDimplementationsafterthedesignprocess.

QFDwasoriginallyproposed,throughcollectingandanalyzingthevoiceofthecustomer,todevelopproductswithhigherqualitytomeetorsurpasscustomer’sneeds.Thus,theprimaryfunctionsofQFDareproductdevelopment,qualitymanagement,andcustomerneedsanalysis.QualitymanagementandproductdevelopmentareachievedinQFDthroughcustomerneedsanalysisthat,infact,isalwaystheveryfirststepofaQFDprocessandisthusanimportantfunctionalfieldofQFD[13].

QFDisnotadesigntechnique.Itisamethodfromdesignprocesstosatisfythecustomer.Itistoguidethedesignprocessandtotransformcustomerrequirementsintodesignobjectives.Itisappliedtoevaluatedesignsolutionsoroutputsfromthecreativeprocessofdesign.

QFDisapro-active‘‘customer-drivenplanningprocess’’sothatproblemscouldbefoundandsolvedattheverybeginningoftheproductdevelopmentandfewerpeoplehavetodealwiththeproblemsatthelaterstages[14].

3.InferenceMechanism

.ResearchTools

QFDoffersarationalizedapproachtocustomersatisfactionsandseemscomplexandmathematicalwithtoomanydata.Forsomelandscapedesign,it’snoteasytodefinetheaveragecustomer,andalsocustomersmaynotknowallpossibilities.Inthefirstpartofpresentstudy,thedesignteampreparedtheengineeringcharacteristicsthatwouldenableasetofpredefinedcustomerneedsregardingthecomfortandimprovingproductperformance.Next,thedesignteamusedtheHouseofQualitytoestablishthemutualrelationsbetweenthecustomerneedsandtheengineeringcharacteristics.

.ResearchQuestionandResearchMethod

Howacustomer-orientedapproachtowardlandscapedesignmaybeestablished?

QualitativeResearchMethodisadoptedinthispaperwhichbeingsupportedbydepthinterviewtechniquewithquestionnaire[15].

4.CaseStudy:

QFDapplicationinACustomer-OrientedApproachTowardLandscapeDesign

.PolicePark

ThecasestudycoversaQFDexercisecarriedoutbyresearchteamoflandscapearchitecturestudentsofTarbiatModaresUniversityinthecaseofIran,Tehran,PolicePark.PoliceParkislocatedintheregioncalledtheGardenofMajidAbadintheNorthEastareaofTehranandtotalareaisabout42hectares.Sinceitscompletionin2003,ithasbecomethemostpopularparkinthecity.ThisparksplittonorthernandsouthernsectionbyStreet.WewillremembertoNorthMajid-AbadParkandSouthMajid-AbadParkinthispaper.Thepurposeofthisresearchisemployingqualitativetechniquestodevelopperformancequalityinneighborhoodparksdesign.Inthisregard,NorthMajid-AbadParkhasbeenselectedassamplesandSouthMajid-AbadParkasrivalParkincomputinga

nddatacollectioninthefieldisconsidered,Figure2.

Fig.2.NorthMajid-AbadParkandSouthMajid-AbadPark

.ConstructingtheHOQMatrix

Adifficultanddemandingpartofthesystemsengineeringprocessisdefinitionoftheproblemandidentificationoftheneedstothesystem.QFDisrelatedtosystemsengineeringintermsoffacilitatingspecificationofstakeholders’wantsandneedstothesystemateachstagefromresearchandpr