毕业论文外文翻译电子商务中的消费者权益保护一些备注在约旦电子交易活动的律法.docx

毕业论文外文翻译电子商务中的消费者权益保护一些备注在约旦电子交易活动的律法.docx

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毕业论文外文翻译电子商务中的消费者权益保护一些备注在约旦电子交易活动的律法

ConsumerProtectioninElectronicCommerce:

SomeRemarksontheJordanianElectronicTransactionsLaw

EmadAbdel

Electroniccommercechangesthewaytheworldisconductingbusiness.Itoffersenormouspotentialforaccessingtonewmarketsandtransactingbetweenpartieswhomayhavehadnopreviouscontactorknowledge.Withthismodernkindoftrade,transactionsmightevenbeformedbytheinteractionwithorbetweenintelligentsoftwareapplicationswithoutanydirectawarenessorinterventionofthehumanusers.

Electroniccommercemayalsogeneratemanyconsumerandlegalchallengesespeciallyregardingtheitbetweenlawandtechnology.Thelawisnotjustwordsonapieceofpaper,butitmightplayanactiveroleinbuildingconfidenceine-commerce,encouragingefficientbusinesspractices,andenhancingthecommercialflourishinthenetworkedenvironment.Itisquitepossiblehoweverthatthelawmightcontributeinshakingthetrustine-commerceandunderminingthesecurityandreliabilityoftheonlineenvironment.

Itcanbesaidthatthesuccessofe-commerceinanycountrydependsprimarilyonthepredictabilityandsuitabilityofthelegalframeworkandwhethersuchframeworkcopessensiblywiththeneedsofonlineconsumers.Fore-commercetoreachitsfullpotential,consumersmusthaveeffectiveprotectionwhenshoppingontheInternet,andtheyhavetofeelthattheirdataandtransmissionsareadequatelysafeguardedandauthenticated.Otherwise,theresultswillbelessandlessconvincingsinceindividualswillbelesswillingtoengageintheuniverseoftheelectroniccommerce,andhence,e-commercewillnotflourishanditsgrowthwillbestifled.

Likeothercountries,Jordansoughttobenefitfromtheadvantagesandunprecedentedopportunitiesofe-commerce.Toachievethisgoal,considerableeconomicandlegislativereformsweremadeduringthelastdecadetobringtheJordanianmarketintoconformitywiththeglobaleconomyandshifttheJordanianeconomyfromprotectedformofeconomytothemarketone,wherethecompetitionpracticesandliberationofgoodsandservices’pricesarefreed.In2001,JordanenactedtheElectronicTransactionsLawNo.85whichwaslargelybasedontheUNCITRALmodellawonelectroniccommerce.Thislawhasrecognizedelectronictransactionsandsignaturesandplacedthemonequalfootingwiththeirpapercounter-parts.Furthermore,Jordansignedandaccededtomanytreatiesandagreementsatinternational,American,andEuropeanlevelstocreateafavourablee-commerceclimateandmeetthestandardsofinternationaltrade.

AftersuchchangesandinthelightoftheJordanianmembershipinmanyinternationalagreements,thepressingquestionthatneedstobeaddressediswhetherornottheJordanianlawofelectronictransactionsdealsappropriatelywiththechallengesofe-commerceinawaythatstrikesabalancebetweenbusinessinterestsandtheneedtoprotectconsumerrights.Inotherwords,doestheElectronicTransactionsLawinJordanofferthenecessaryguaranteeforasecureonlinecommerce?

Thisquestionwillthereforebethesubjectmatterofthispaper.

TheProtectionofOnlineConsumersinJordan

Althoughe-commerceisgrowingatadramaticrate,therearestillareasofconcernthatneedtobeaddressedadequatelybythelegislationinordertopromotetrustine-commerceandremoveanybarrierstoitsfulldevelopment.Suchareasofconcernrevolveinonewayoranotheraroundtheissuesofconsumerprotection,privacy,anddataprotectioninanonlineenvironmentwherethecontractingpartieshardlyknoweachother,andinwhichelectroniccommunicationsarerarelysubjecttodirecthumanreview.

OnlineconsumersmaynotusetheInternettomakepurchasesiftheyfindthattheydonothaveaclearprotectionfromunfaircontractualtermsorthattheirrightsofprivacyandtransparencyarenotcomprehensivelyguaranteed.Therefore,itcanbearguedthatthelackofproperlegislationmaynotonlyshakeconsumerconfidenceinonlinecommerce,butitmightalsothreatentheexpansionandprofitabilityofe-commerce.Itisclearthenthattheconsumerprotectionine-commerceisbasedonseveralrightssuchastherightoffullinformation,therightofprivacy,therighttowithdrawfromthecontractwithoutpenalty,andtherighttohaveeffectiveprotectionfromunfaircontractualconditions.

LetusnowexplorethewayinwhichtheElectronicTransactionsLawdealswithsuchrightsanddeterminewhetherornotthislawgivesdueattentiontoconsumerprotectioninanonlineenvironment.Letusfurtherpermitandencouragedebateofwhatsuchlawshouldbeinordertoenhancelegalcertaintyaswellasincreaseconfidenceine-commerceinJordan.

TheRightofFullInformation

Inordertoprotectonlineconsumersandboosttheirconfidenceine-commerce,consumerprotectionrulesinmostjurisdictionsrequirethatcertaininformationmustbeprovidedtotheconsumeringoodtimebeforethecontractisconcluded.GoodexamplesinthisregardaretheEuropeanDirective2000/31/EEConelectroniccommerce,andtheEuropeanDirective1997/7/EContheprotectionofconsumersinrespectofdistancecontractswhichcontainspecificprovisionsintermsofinformationtobeprovidedtotheconsumer.Suchdirectivesaimtoencouragegreateruseofe-commercebyclarifyingtherightsandobligationsofbusinessesandconsumers,enhancingthetransparency,andbreakingdownbarriersacrossEurope.Inordertoachievethesegoals,suchDirectivesrequirethatcertaininformationbesuppliedtoconsumersinaclearmannerthatcomportswiththemeansofdistancecommunicationused,havingregardtotheprinciplesofgoodfaithincommercialtransactions,andtheprotectionofminorsandothersunabletogiveconsent.TheseDirectivesinsistfurtherthatonlineserviceprovidersareobligedtoprovidecontactdetailstotherecipientsoftheirservicesinaformthatiseasily,directlyandpermanentlyaccessible.

UnliketheEuropeanlaw,theElectronicTransactionsLawinJordandoesnotcontemplatetheinformationthatthesuppliermustprovidetotheconsumerbeforetheconclusionoftheelectroniccontract.Bydoingso,thislawleavesthisissuetobegovernedbythegeneralrulesoftheCivilLawwithoutinanywayrecognizingthefactthatconsumersinanonlineenvironmentneedmoreprotectionthanthatofferedbysuchgeneralrules.Withoutdirectandcomprehensiblerecognitionofthefullinformationright,suppliersmighthaveanabsolutepowertobindtheirconsumersregardlessofwhetherornottheyprovidethemwiththenecessaryinformationtoenterintocontracts,andconsumersmightthusbecomelargelyunprotected.Ifcreatingaconfidentandprotectiveenvironmentforonlineconsumersisourconcern,itisessentialthenthattheElectronicTransactionsLawaddressessuchissueexplicitlybyimposingspecialdutiesofinformationonthesuppliersothatcertaindetailsmustbeprovidedtotheconsumereitherbeforethecontractismadeoringoodtimeafterit.

TheRighttoPrivacyinPersonalData

Manyprivacyconcernsariseincyberspacewhereanonymityprevailsandinwhichtechnologyfacilitatesthecollection,processingandtransmissionofindividuals’informationinamatterofafewseconds.Onadailybasis,thevastmajorityofWebsitesrequirede-consumerstodisclosesomepersonalidentifyinginformationastheycompleteelectronictransactionsorcreateonlineaccounts.Suchconsumersoftenprovidetherequiredpersonalinformationwithoutfullyunderstandinghowthisinformationwillbeusedandwhetherornotitwillbesharedwiththirdparties.TheyjustdothattocompleteatransactionorgainaccesstoaservicetheyseeksincetheyknowthatanyrefusaltosubmittherequiredinformationwillhinderanyfurthermeaningfuluseofaWebsite,andhence,theywillfindthemselvesunabletocompletetheirintendedpurchase（Ciocchetti2008,p.561）.

WhilesomeWebsitescollectpersonalinformationfromconsumersandstoreitintheirdatabasesinordertofacilitatetransactionsanddiscoverconsumers’trendsandinterestssothattheycansatisfytheever-evolvingneedsoftheirconsumers,otherWebsitesmaycollectpersonalinformationonlytosellittomarketingfirmsorunrelatedthirdpartiesforaprofit.Thismightnotonlyimpactaconsumer’sprivacynegatively,butitmayalsocauseconsiderablepersonalandfinancialdamageespeciallywhenverysensitivedatafallsintothewronghands.Whatcomplicatesthematterfurtheristhefactthatoncesuchdataleavesthehandsofitsinitialcollectors,itmaybestolenorpurchasedanonymouslyandfromanywherearoundtheworld.Thatbeingthecase,itshouldcomeasnosurpriseifconsumersknownothingabouttheidentityofthepartiesthatpurchasetheirpersonalinformationorthepurposeforwhichsuchinformationisused.Thissituationmayinfringetheprivacyofe-consumersandleavetheminthedarkastohowtheirpersonalinformationwillbeusedinthefuture.Inordertoavoidthat,lawshoulddeterminewhen,how,andtowhatextentconsumers’personalinformationiscollected,used,andsharedwiththirdparties.

LawisalsostronglyadvisedtoobligeWebsitestonotifytheircustomerinadvanceandinaconspicuousmanneroftheirprivacypolicywithregardtothecollection,use,anddisseminationofpersonalinformation.Suchnotificationmustclarifywhetherornotthisinformationwillbesharedexternallyandmustalsoincludetheidentityofthedatacontroller,thepurposeforwhichthedataiscollected,andthemeasuresthatwillbetakentoguardsuchdataagainstlossorunauthorisedprocessing.Bydoingso,lawwillsurelyenablee-consumerstomakeinformedd