四级仔细阅读考题分析及技巧.docx
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四级仔细阅读考题分析及技巧
根据全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案(试行),全国大学英语四、六级考试改革项目组和考试委员会设计了四级考试新题型测试卷。
在样卷中,仔细阅读部分(ReadinginDepth)占整张试卷分值的25%。
考试题型又分为两种:
A)选择题型的篇章阅读理解;B)篇章层次的词汇理解(BankedCloze)或短句问答(ShortAnswerQuestion)。
新题型中的仔细阅读部分无论是从选材的特点,文章的长度,出题的思路,解题的技巧等方面都秉承了传统,考生们还是应该根据历年的真题,好好复习。
常见题型的特点与解决方法
大学英语四级考试大纲规定,阅读理解主要测试以下能力:
掌握所读材料的主旨大意
了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节
既理解字面的意义,也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论
既理解个别句子的意思,也理解上下文的逻辑关系
根据这四点要求,阅读理解的题型可分为主旨大意题,事实细节题,推论题和词汇指代题,每种题型都有其特点与解决方法。
一、主旨大意题
(一)题型介绍
文章的中心思想和段落大意是作者要表达得最重要的信息,是贯穿全文和全段的主线,一般情况下绝大部分句子都是围绕主旨展开阐述和说明,与主旨保持一致。
因此把握文章的主旨和段落的大意对于理解全文非常关键。
(二)题型介绍
测试中主旨题常用以下方式提出:
✓Whatisthemainidea/topicofthepassage/paragraph?
✓Whatdoesthepassage/paragraphmainlytalkabout?
✓Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith…
✓Whichofthefollowingbeststatethemainideaofthepassage/paragraph?
为文章选一个最好的标题也用来考查考生是否把握了全文的主旨:
✓Thebesttitleforthispassageis/mightbe/wouldbe….
✓Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthe
passage?
✓Thetitlethatbestexpresstheideasofthepassageis.
确定作者的写作目的或态度语气也是对全文整体意思的理解的考查:
✓Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage/the
paragraphis...
✓What'stheauthor’sattitudetowardssth.?
✓Thetoneoftheessayis…
(三)如何把握主旨大意
有的考生认为只要不考主旨题,就没必要了解文章的主旨。
其实这是一种很狭隘的错误认识,因为即使不考主题题型,在任何题型当中,如果你感觉很茫然,找不到任何定位信息的时候,你所能抓住唯一的,最后一根救命稻草就是文章的主题,题目做多了,你就会发现哪个选项和文章的主题越是接近,就越是正确答案,所以能否判定一篇文章的主题对于解题是至关重要的。
英语文章段落的一般写作模式为每段有一个中心意思(mainidea),通常由主题句(topicsentence)来表达,然后围绕中心运用事实细节(supportingdetails)等展开论述说明.在议论文和说明文中,主题句的位置可以以下方式出现:
1.atthebeginningofaparagraph
(introductorydetails)
topicsentence
supportingdetail
supportingdetail
2.attheendofaparagraph
supportingdetail
supportingdetail
supportingdetail
topicsentence
3.atthebeginningandtheendofaparagraph
topicsentence
supportingdetail
supportingdetail
topicsentence
1)读文章时重点关注文章的首段和首末句。
按照西方人习惯性的思维方
式和写作习惯,他们惯用的是演绎法:
即文章一开始先扔出自己的核心观点,然后具体一步步论证。
根据统计,每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主题句的概率分别为50%、20%、20%,三句话成为主题句的概率超过九成,当然也就成为我们阅读的重中之重。
2)关注一篇文章或者一段话中有没有重复出现的词或词组、有没有黑体字
或者是斜体字。
如果有,通常这就是文章的核心概念
3)问句不会是主题句。
问句通常作为过渡或者是引子,因此应该忽略,真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。
4)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词,如“but,yet,however,infact,indeed,practically,virtually”等,这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。
5)关注一些表征总结性,结论性的词,如“inbrief/short,above/in/after/all,conclusion,tosum”等,这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。
6)如果主题句含有show和suggest等词,重点看其后的宾语从句。
7)掌握一些词组强调的重点,如“notonly…,butalso***,***aswell
as…,more***than…,less…than***(***为强调的重点)”。
找到了主题句,就不难判断段落大意,做题时找到重述主题句或与其意思最接近的选项即可。
例如:
(1)Doyouknowwhattodoifyouarestungbyabeeorahornet?
(2)Thereaanumberofstepsthatshouldbefollowedifthishappenstoyou.(3)Thefirstthingtodoisremovethestinger.(4)Astingercontainsvenom(毒液).(5)Itwillcontinuetoreleasevenomaslongasitiscontactwithskin.(6)Whenthestingerisremoved,puticeonthewound.(7)Thiswillreducetheswelling.(8)Then,applyasmallamountofbakingsoda(小苏打).(9)Itcontainsenzymesthatwillweakenthevenom.(10)Finally,lookforsignsofanallergicreaction(过敏反应)suchasdifficultyinbreathing.(11)Peoplehavediedfromstrongallergicreactionstostings.(12)Whenoneoccurs,thevictimshouldbetakentothehospitalfortreatment.
主题句:
(2)
(1)AlbertEinsteinwasone.
(2)SowasartistPabloPicasso.(3)AmericanwriterandhumoristMarkTwainwasone,aswell.(4)OthersincludeBabeRuth,GeneralNormanSchwartzkopf,JohannaSebastianBach,andJoanofArc.(5)Whatdoallofthesefamouspeoplehaveincommon?
(6)Allofthemareleft-handed.
主题句:
(6)
有时候一段文字中并没有明确的主题句,这就需要考生自己根据段落中的各个细节之间的逻辑关系进行概括,总结或推论,得出主旨大意。
例如:
Yellowisabright,cheerycolor;itisoftenassociatedwithspringandhopefulness.Green,sinceitisacolorthatappearsfrequentlyinnature(trees,grass,plants),hascometosuggestgrowthandrebirth.Blue,thecolorofthesky,maysuggesteternity,orendlessbeauty.Red,thecolorofbothbloodandfire,isoftenconnectedwithstrongfeelingssuchascourage,lust,andrage.
主题句:
Differentcolorshavedifferentmeanings
整篇文章的主旨往往综合各段大意即可得出。
其特点一般分为:
引入主题;展开论说;总结或重述
因此全文主题句的位置可开门见山位于首段首句。
例如:
Agoodmodernnewspaperisanextraordinarypieceofreading.Itisremarkablefirstforwhatitcontains:
therangeofnewsfromlocalcrimetointernationalpolitics,fromsporttobusinesstofashiontoscience,andtherangeofcommentandspecialfeaturesaswell,fromeditorialpagetofeaturearticlesandinterviewstocriticismofbooks,art,theatreandmusic.Anewspaperisevenmoreremarkableforthewayonereadsit:
nevercompletely,neverstraightthrough,butalwaysbyjumpingfromheretothere,inandnotglancingatonepiece,readinganotherarticleallthewaythrough,readingjustafewparagraphsofthenext.Agoodmodernnewspaperoffersvarietytoattractmanydifferentreaders,butfarmorethananyonereaderisinterestedin.Whatbringsthisvarietytogetherinoneplaceisitstopicality(时事性),itsimmediaterelationtowhatishappeninginyourworldandyourlocalitynow,butimmediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithitmeanalsothatmuchofwhatpapersinanewspaperhasnomorethantransient(短暂的)value.Forallthesereasons,notwopeoplereallyreadthesamepaper:
whateachpersondoesistoputtogetheroutofthepagesofthatday’spaper,hisownselectionandsequence,hisownnewspaper.Forallthesereason,readingnewspapersefficiently,whichmeansgettingwhatyouwantfromthemwithoutmissingthingsyouneedbutwithoutwastingtimedemandsskillandself-awarenessasyoumodifyandapplythetechniquesofreading.
20.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe“_______”
A)TheImportanceofNewspaperTopicality
B)TheCharacteristicsofaGoodNewspaper
C)TheVarietyofaGoodNewspaper
D)SomeSuggestionsonHowtoReadaNewspaper
这篇短文只有一段,文章一开篇就是主题句,接着逐一分析说明一份优秀报纸都具有哪些特点,很明显B为正确答案。
(摘自1998年1月试题)
当文章第一段为引入主题的内容时,主题句可位于首段末句或第二段的首句。
注意总结性、推断性和转折性的词或短语。
例如:
Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness,iffunandpleasureareequaltohappinessthenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue:
moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.
Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthatarethesourceoftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthingsasmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religiouscommitment(承担的义务),self-improvement.
Askabachelor(单身汉)whyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,excitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.
Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporathree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfuntodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.
Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizations.Itliberatestime:
nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:
buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:
wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.
35.Whatistheauthortryingtotellus?
A)Happinessoftengoeshandinhandwithpain.
B)Onemustknowhowtoattainhappiness.
C)Itisimportanttomakecommitments.
D)Itispainthatleadstohappiness.
文章一开始就提出与主旨相反的观点,然后通过butinfact转折,引出作者的观点。
因此可以判断A的意思与文章相符。
(摘自1996年1月试题)
选标题也是对全文主旨的判断。
例如:
Spaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteors(流星)butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthrough,andthisisessentialforplantstomakethefood,whichweeat.Heat,too,makesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.
Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled“rem”.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorherexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed(畸形的)childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationand,duringtheoutwardandreturnjourneys,theApollocrewaccumulatedalargeamountofrems.Sofar,nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratoryDrugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveeoneshavebeenfoundsofar.
55.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_______.
A)TheAtmosphereandOurEnvironment
B)ResearchonRadiation
C)EffectsofSpaceRadiation
D)ImportanceProtectionAgainstRadiation