四级仔细阅读考题分析及技巧.docx

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四级仔细阅读考题分析及技巧

根据全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案(试行),全国大学英语四、六级考试改革项目组和考试委员会设计了四级考试新题型测试卷。

在样卷中,仔细阅读部分(ReadinginDepth)占整张试卷分值的25%。

考试题型又分为两种:

A)选择题型的篇章阅读理解;B)篇章层次的词汇理解(BankedCloze)或短句问答(ShortAnswerQuestion)。

新题型中的仔细阅读部分无论是从选材的特点,文章的长度,出题的思路,解题的技巧等方面都秉承了传统,考生们还是应该根据历年的真题,好好复习。

常见题型的特点与解决方法

大学英语四级考试大纲规定,阅读理解主要测试以下能力:

掌握所读材料的主旨大意

了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节

既理解字面的意义,也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论

既理解个别句子的意思,也理解上下文的逻辑关系

根据这四点要求,阅读理解的题型可分为主旨大意题,事实细节题,推论题和词汇指代题,每种题型都有其特点与解决方法。

一、主旨大意题

(一)题型介绍

文章的中心思想和段落大意是作者要表达得最重要的信息,是贯穿全文和全段的主线,一般情况下绝大部分句子都是围绕主旨展开阐述和说明,与主旨保持一致。

因此把握文章的主旨和段落的大意对于理解全文非常关键。

(二)题型介绍

测试中主旨题常用以下方式提出:

✓Whatisthemainidea/topicofthepassage/paragraph?

✓Whatdoesthepassage/paragraphmainlytalkabout?

✓Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith…

✓Whichofthefollowingbeststatethemainideaofthepassage/paragraph?

为文章选一个最好的标题也用来考查考生是否把握了全文的主旨:

✓Thebesttitleforthispassageis/mightbe/wouldbe….

✓Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthe

passage?

✓Thetitlethatbestexpresstheideasofthepassageis.

确定作者的写作目的或态度语气也是对全文整体意思的理解的考查:

✓Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage/the

paragraphis...

✓What'stheauthor’sattitudetowardssth.?

✓Thetoneoftheessayis…

(三)如何把握主旨大意

有的考生认为只要不考主旨题,就没必要了解文章的主旨。

其实这是一种很狭隘的错误认识,因为即使不考主题题型,在任何题型当中,如果你感觉很茫然,找不到任何定位信息的时候,你所能抓住唯一的,最后一根救命稻草就是文章的主题,题目做多了,你就会发现哪个选项和文章的主题越是接近,就越是正确答案,所以能否判定一篇文章的主题对于解题是至关重要的。

英语文章段落的一般写作模式为每段有一个中心意思(mainidea),通常由主题句(topicsentence)来表达,然后围绕中心运用事实细节(supportingdetails)等展开论述说明.在议论文和说明文中,主题句的位置可以以下方式出现:

1.atthebeginningofaparagraph

(introductorydetails)

topicsentence

supportingdetail

supportingdetail

2.attheendofaparagraph

supportingdetail

supportingdetail

supportingdetail

topicsentence

3.atthebeginningandtheendofaparagraph

topicsentence

supportingdetail

supportingdetail

topicsentence

 1)读文章时重点关注文章的首段和首末句。

按照西方人习惯性的思维方

式和写作习惯,他们惯用的是演绎法:

即文章一开始先扔出自己的核心观点,然后具体一步步论证。

根据统计,每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主题句的概率分别为50%、20%、20%,三句话成为主题句的概率超过九成,当然也就成为我们阅读的重中之重。

2)关注一篇文章或者一段话中有没有重复出现的词或词组、有没有黑体字

或者是斜体字。

如果有,通常这就是文章的核心概念

  3)问句不会是主题句。

问句通常作为过渡或者是引子,因此应该忽略,真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。

  4)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词,如“but,yet,however,infact,indeed,practically,virtually”等,这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。

  5)关注一些表征总结性,结论性的词,如“inbrief/short,above/in/after/all,conclusion,tosum”等,这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。

  6)如果主题句含有show和suggest等词,重点看其后的宾语从句。

7)掌握一些词组强调的重点,如“notonly…,butalso***,***aswell

as…,more***than…,less…than***(***为强调的重点)”。

找到了主题句,就不难判断段落大意,做题时找到重述主题句或与其意思最接近的选项即可。

例如:

(1)Doyouknowwhattodoifyouarestungbyabeeorahornet?

(2)Thereaanumberofstepsthatshouldbefollowedifthishappenstoyou.(3)Thefirstthingtodoisremovethestinger.(4)Astingercontainsvenom(毒液).(5)Itwillcontinuetoreleasevenomaslongasitiscontactwithskin.(6)Whenthestingerisremoved,puticeonthewound.(7)Thiswillreducetheswelling.(8)Then,applyasmallamountofbakingsoda(小苏打).(9)Itcontainsenzymesthatwillweakenthevenom.(10)Finally,lookforsignsofanallergicreaction(过敏反应)suchasdifficultyinbreathing.(11)Peoplehavediedfromstrongallergicreactionstostings.(12)Whenoneoccurs,thevictimshouldbetakentothehospitalfortreatment.

主题句:

(2)

(1)AlbertEinsteinwasone.

(2)SowasartistPabloPicasso.(3)AmericanwriterandhumoristMarkTwainwasone,aswell.(4)OthersincludeBabeRuth,GeneralNormanSchwartzkopf,JohannaSebastianBach,andJoanofArc.(5)Whatdoallofthesefamouspeoplehaveincommon?

(6)Allofthemareleft-handed.

主题句:

(6)

有时候一段文字中并没有明确的主题句,这就需要考生自己根据段落中的各个细节之间的逻辑关系进行概括,总结或推论,得出主旨大意。

例如:

Yellowisabright,cheerycolor;itisoftenassociatedwithspringandhopefulness.Green,sinceitisacolorthatappearsfrequentlyinnature(trees,grass,plants),hascometosuggestgrowthandrebirth.Blue,thecolorofthesky,maysuggesteternity,orendlessbeauty.Red,thecolorofbothbloodandfire,isoftenconnectedwithstrongfeelingssuchascourage,lust,andrage.

主题句:

Differentcolorshavedifferentmeanings

整篇文章的主旨往往综合各段大意即可得出。

其特点一般分为:

引入主题;展开论说;总结或重述

因此全文主题句的位置可开门见山位于首段首句。

例如:

Agoodmodernnewspaperisanextraordinarypieceofreading.Itisremarkablefirstforwhatitcontains:

therangeofnewsfromlocalcrimetointernationalpolitics,fromsporttobusinesstofashiontoscience,andtherangeofcommentandspecialfeaturesaswell,fromeditorialpagetofeaturearticlesandinterviewstocriticismofbooks,art,theatreandmusic.Anewspaperisevenmoreremarkableforthewayonereadsit:

nevercompletely,neverstraightthrough,butalwaysbyjumpingfromheretothere,inandnotglancingatonepiece,readinganotherarticleallthewaythrough,readingjustafewparagraphsofthenext.Agoodmodernnewspaperoffersvarietytoattractmanydifferentreaders,butfarmorethananyonereaderisinterestedin.Whatbringsthisvarietytogetherinoneplaceisitstopicality(时事性),itsimmediaterelationtowhatishappeninginyourworldandyourlocalitynow,butimmediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithitmeanalsothatmuchofwhatpapersinanewspaperhasnomorethantransient(短暂的)value.Forallthesereasons,notwopeoplereallyreadthesamepaper:

whateachpersondoesistoputtogetheroutofthepagesofthatday’spaper,hisownselectionandsequence,hisownnewspaper.Forallthesereason,readingnewspapersefficiently,whichmeansgettingwhatyouwantfromthemwithoutmissingthingsyouneedbutwithoutwastingtimedemandsskillandself-awarenessasyoumodifyandapplythetechniquesofreading.

20.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe“_______”

A)TheImportanceofNewspaperTopicality

B)TheCharacteristicsofaGoodNewspaper

C)TheVarietyofaGoodNewspaper

D)SomeSuggestionsonHowtoReadaNewspaper

这篇短文只有一段,文章一开篇就是主题句,接着逐一分析说明一份优秀报纸都具有哪些特点,很明显B为正确答案。

(摘自1998年1月试题)

当文章第一段为引入主题的内容时,主题句可位于首段末句或第二段的首句。

注意总结性、推断性和转折性的词或短语。

例如:

Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness,iffunandpleasureareequaltohappinessthenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue:

moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.

Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthatarethesourceoftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthingsasmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religiouscommitment(承担的义务),self-improvement.

Askabachelor(单身汉)whyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,excitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.

Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporathree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfuntodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.

Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizations.Itliberatestime:

nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:

buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:

wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.

35.Whatistheauthortryingtotellus?

A)Happinessoftengoeshandinhandwithpain.

B)Onemustknowhowtoattainhappiness.

C)Itisimportanttomakecommitments.

D)Itispainthatleadstohappiness.

文章一开始就提出与主旨相反的观点,然后通过butinfact转折,引出作者的观点。

因此可以判断A的意思与文章相符。

(摘自1996年1月试题)

选标题也是对全文主旨的判断。

例如:

Spaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteors(流星)butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthrough,andthisisessentialforplantstomakethefood,whichweeat.Heat,too,makesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.

Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled“rem”.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorherexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed(畸形的)childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationand,duringtheoutwardandreturnjourneys,theApollocrewaccumulatedalargeamountofrems.Sofar,nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratoryDrugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveeoneshavebeenfoundsofar.

55.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_______.

A)TheAtmosphereandOurEnvironment

B)ResearchonRadiation

C)EffectsofSpaceRadiation

D)ImportanceProtectionAgainstRadiation

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