tpo 综合写作文本答案.docx

tpo 综合写作文本答案.docx

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tpo综合写作文本答案

　TPO24

Animalfossilsusuallyprovideverylittleopportunitytostudytheactualanimaltissuesbecauseinfossilstheanimals'livingtissueshavebeenlargelyreplacedbyminerals.Thus,scientistswereveryexcitedrecentlywhenitappearedthata70-million-year-oldfossilofTyrannosaurusrex（T.rex）,adinosaur,mightstillcontainremainsoftheactualtissuesoftheanimal.ThediscoverywasmadewhenresearchersdeliberatelybrokeopentheT.rex'slegbone,therebyexposingitsinsidestorevealmaterialsthatseemtoberemainsofbloodvessels,redbloodcells,andcollagenmatrix.

First,thebreakingofthefossilizedlegbonerevealedmanysmallbranchingchannelsinside,whichprobablycorrespondtohollowsintheboneswherebloodvesselswereoncelocated.Theexcitingfindingwasthepresenceofasoft,flexibleorganicsubstanceinsidethechannels.ThissoftsubstancemayverywellrepresenttheremainsoftheactualbloodvesselsofT.Rex.

Second,microscopicexaminationofthevariouspartsoftheinnerbonerevealedthepresenceofspheresthatcouldbetheremainsofredbloodcells.Testsshowedthatthespherescontainediron-amaterialvitaltotheroleofredbloodcellsintransportingoxygentotissues.Moreover,thesphereshaddarkredcenters（substanceswithirontendtobereddishincolor）andwerealsoaboutthesizeofredbloodcells.

Third,scientistsperformedatestonthedinosaurlegbonethatshowedthatitcontainedcollagen.Collagenisafibrousproteinthatisamaincomponentoflivingbonetissue,inwhichitformsaso-calledcollagenmatrix.Collagen（oritschemicalderivatives）isexactlythekindofbiochemicalmaterialthatonewouldexpecttofindinassociationwithbonetissue.

Asmuchaswewouldliketohavetheremainsofactualdinosaurtissue,therearesoundreasonsforbeingskepticaloftheidentificationsmadeinthereading.

First,thesoft,flexiblesubstanceinsidethebonechannelsisn'tnecessarilytheremainsofbloodvessels.Itismuchmorelikelytobesomethingelse.Likewhat?

Youmightsay.Well,longafteranorganismisdied,bacteriasometimescolonizehollows,emptyareasinbones,likethechannelsthatonceheldbloodvessels.Whenbacterialivedinsidebones,theyoftenleavebehindtracesoforganicmaterial.Whattheresearchersinthereadingareidentifyingasbloodvesselsmightjustbetracesofsoftandmoistresidueleftbybacteriacolonies.

Allright.Whatabouttheiron-filledspheres?

Well,theproblemisthatscientistsfoundidenticalreddishspheresinfossilsofotheranimalsfoundinthesameplace.Thatincludesfossilsofprimitiveanimalsthatdidnothaveanyredbloodcellswhentheywerealive.Clearly,ifthesespheresappearinorganismsthatdidnothaveanyredbloodcells,thenthespherescannotbetheremainsofredbloodcells.Thespheresprobablyhaveaverydifferentorigin.Theyareprobablyjustpiecesofreddishmineral.

Third,thecollagen.Theproblemisthatwehaveneverfoundcollageninanimalremainsthatareolderthanonehundredthousandyears.Collagenprobablycannotlastlongerthanthat.Findingcollagenfromananimalthatlivedseventymillionyearsagowouldreallycontradictourideasabouthowlongcollagencanlast.Itisjusttooimprobable.Themostlikelyexplanationforthepresenceofcollagenisthatitdoesn'tcomefromtheT.rex,butfromanothermuchmorerecentsource.Forexample,humanskincontainscollagen,sothecollagenmayhavecomefromtheskinoftheresearcherswhoarehandlingthebone.

Inthereadingpassage,ittalksaboutthefossilsrelatedtoanimaltissues,however,theprofessorholdsdifferentideas.

Tobeginwith,inthereadingmaterial,welearnthatthelotsoftinybranchingchannelsarefoundinsideofthelegbonefossil.Thereadingmaterialarguesthatsofttissueisexpectedtobefoundinthechannels.However,theprofessorthinksthatthechannelsaremorelikelytobeleftbybacteria.

Inaddition,inthereadingpassage,ittalksaboutthatspheresarefoundininnerboneandredbloodcellscanberemained.Andinthereadingpassage,itgivesevidencethatthespherehaveredcenters.Howevertheprofessorindicatesthatthereisnoevidenceshowthatcreatureatthattimehadredcellsandtheredcentersshouldbesomethingelse.

Asafinalpoint,inthereadingpassage,ittalksaboutthatcollagenisfoundonthelegbone.Collagenisactuallyabiochemicalmaterial,whichisexpectedtobeanassociationwithbonetissue.

However,theprofessorsaysthatcollagenisnotlikelytoliveaslongas7millionyear.Itmaybesomerecentmaterial.Forinstant,itmaybefromthehandskinoftheresearchers.

Inconclusiontheprofessordoesnotagreewiththereadingpassage.

TPO25

In1938anarchaeologistinIraqacquiredasetofclayjarsthathadbeenexcavatedtwoyearsearlierbyvillagersconstructingarailroadline.Thevesselwasabout2,200yearsold.Eachclayjaycontainedacoppercylindersurroundinganironrod.Thearchaeologistproposedthatvesselwereancientelectricbatteriesandevendemonstratedthattheycanproduceasmallelectriccurrentwhenfilledwithsomeliquids.However,itisnotlikelythatthevesselswereactuallyusedaselectricbatteriesinancienttimes.

　　Firstofall,ifthevesselswereusedasbatteries,theywouldprobablyhavebeenattachedtosomeelectricityconductorssuchasmetalwires.Butthereisnoevidencethatanymetalwireswerelocatednearthevessels.Allthathasbeenexcavatedarethevesselsthemselves.

　　Second,thecoppercylindersinsidethejarslookexactlylikecoppercylindersdiscoveredintheruinsofSeleucia,anancientcitylocatednearby.WeknowthatthecoppercylindersfromSeleuciawereusedforholdingscrollsofsacredtexts,notforgeneratingelectricity.Sincethecylindersfoundwiththejarshavethesameshape,itisverylikelytheywereusedforholdingscrollsaswell.Thatnoscrollswerefoundinsidethejarscanbeexplainedbythefactthatthescrollssimplydisintegratedoverthecenturies.

　　Finally,whatcouldancientpeoplehavedonewiththeelectricitythatthevesselsweresupposedtohavegenerated?

Theyhadnodevicesthatrepliedonelectricity.Asbatteries,thevesselswouldhavebeencompletelyuselesstothem.

Yourreadingsaysthatthesevesselswerenotusedasbatteriesinancienttimes,buttheargumentsusedinthereadingarenotconvincing.Thebatteryexplanationcouldverywellbecorrect.

　　First,abouttheabsenceofwiresorotherconductors,Remember,vesselswerediscoveredbylocalpeople,notarchaeologists.Thesepeoplemighthavefoundothermateriallocatednearthejars.Butsincetheywerenottrainedarchaeologists,theymaynothaverecognizedtheimportanceofthatmaterial.Somaterialsservingaswiresorconductorsmighthavebeenoverlookedasuninterestingoreventhrownaway.We’llneverknow.

　　Second,itistruethatthecoppercylindersinthevesselsaresimilartocylindersusedtoholdscrolls,butthatdoesnotreallyproveanything.It’spossiblethatthecoppercylinderswereoriginallydesignedtopreservescrolls.Andthatsomeancientinventorlaterdiscoveredthatifyouusethemtogetherwithironrodsandsomeliquidinaclayvessel,theywillproduceelectricity.That’showthefirstancientbatterycouldhavebeenborn.Inotherwords,thecoppercylinderscouldhavebeenoriginallyusedforonepurpose,butthenadaptedforanotherpurpose.

　　Finally,there’sthequestionofthepossibleusesofthebatteryintheancientworld.Well,thebatterycouldproduceamildshockortinglingsensationwhensomeonetouchedit.Thiscouldverywellhavebeeninterpretedasevidenceofsomeinvisiblepower.Youcaneasilyseehowpeoplecouldconvinceothersthattheyhadmagicalpowersthroughtheuseofthebattery.Also,thebatterycouldhavebeenusedforhealing.Modernmedicineusesmildelectriccurrenttostimulatemusclesandrelieveachesandpains.Ancientdoctorsmayhaveusedthebatteriesforthesamepurpose.

Inthereadingmaterial,theauthorstatesthatthevesselsfoundinIraqin1938werenotactuallyusedaselectricbatteriesinancienttimes.Howeverinthelisteningmaterial,theprofessorrefutesthattheargumentisunconvincingasitwasusedasbatteries.

First,accordingtothereadingpassage,theauthorsuggeststhatiftheywereusedasbatteries,theywouldhavebeenattachedtosomeelectricityconductors.Howeverinthelistening,theprofessorclaimsthatweshouldrememberthatthediscoverywasmadebylocalpeoplealongwithsomeothermaterials.Astheywerenottrainedasarchaeologist,theycouldnotrecognizetheimportanceofsomecertainexcavations.

Perhapstheywereoverlookassomethinguninterestedandthenthrownaway.Second,theauthorinthereadingmaterialmentionsthatthevesselswerelikelyusedforholdingscrolls.Unfortunatelytheprofessorarguesthatitcouldnotproveanything.Itispossiblethatthevesselsmaybeoriginallydesignedtoscrolls.Howeverancientinventorthendiscoveredthatifthevesselswereusedwithironrodandsomeliquid,itcouldgeneratetheelectricity.Sothecoppercylindersmaybeoriginallyusedforonepurposebutadaptedforanotherpurpose.

Finally,theauthorofthereadingpassageassertsthatthevesselswouldhavebeencompletelyuselesstoancientpeopleastheyhadnodevicesthatrepliedonelectricity.Inthecontraryinobviouslycontradictswiththelisteningpassageinwhichtheprofessorcontendsthatthebatterycouldgeneratesomemildshockandthisalsointerpretsevidenceofsomeinvisiblepowerthathowpeopleconvinceotherstheyhadthemagicpower.Alsoitcouldbeused