tpo 综合写作文本答案.docx

1、tpo 综合写作文本答案TPO 24 Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyranno

2、saurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rexs leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and coll

3、agen matrix. First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This so

4、ft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. Rex. Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron - a material vita

5、l to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells. Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained

6、 collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue. As much as we woul

7、d like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading. First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isnt necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like

8、what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identify

9、ing as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies. All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive a

10、nimals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddi

11、sh mineral. Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas a

12、bout how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesnt come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the research

13、ers who are handling the bone.In the reading passage, it talks about the fossils related to animal tissues, however, the professor holds different ideas. To begin with, in the reading material, we learn that the lots of tiny branching channels are found inside of the leg bone fossil. The reading mat

14、erial argues that soft tissue is expected to be found in the channels. However, the professor thinks that the channels are more likely to be left by bacteria. In addition, in the reading passage, it talks about that spheres are found in inner bone and red blood cells can be remained. And in the read

15、ing passage, it gives evidence that the sphere have red centers. However the professor indicates that there is no evidence show that creature at that time had red cells and the red centers should be something else. As a final point, in the reading passage, it talks about that collagen is found on th

16、e leg bone. Collagen is actually a biochemical material, which is expected to be an association with bone tissue. However, the professor says that collagen is not likely to live as long as 7 million year. It may be some recent material. For instant, it may be from the hand skin of the researchers. I

17、n conclusion the professor does not agree with the reading passage. TPO 25 In 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder

18、 surrounding an iron rod. The archaeologist proposed that vessel were ancient electric batteries and even demonstrated that they can produce a small electric current when filled with some liquids. However, it is not likely that the vessels were actually used as electric batteries in ancient times.Fi

19、rst of all, if the vessels were used as batteries, they would probably have been attached to some electricity conductors such as metal wires. But there is no evidence that any metal wires were located near the vessels. All that has been excavated are the vessels themselves.Second, the copper cylinde

20、rs inside the jars look exactly like copper cylinders discovered in the ruins of Seleucia, an ancient city located nearby. We know that the copper cylinders from Seleucia were used for holding scrolls of sacred texts, not for generating electricity. Since the cylinders found with the jars have the s

21、ame shape, it is very likely they were used for holding scrolls as well. That no scrolls were found inside the jars can be explained by the fact that the scrolls simply disintegrated over the centuries.Finally, what could ancient people have done with the electricity that the vessels were supposed t

22、o have generated? They had no devices that replied on electricity. As batteries, the vessels would have been completely useless to them.Your reading says that these vessels were not used as batteries in ancient times, but the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. The battery explanation

23、could very well be correct.First, about the absence of wires or other conductors, Remember, vessels were discovered by local people, not archaeologists. These people might have found other material located near the jars. But since they were not trained archaeologists, they may not have recognized th

24、e importance of that material. So materials serving as wires or conductors might have been overlooked as uninteresting or even thrown away. Well never know.Second, it is true that the copper cylinders in the vessels are similar to cylinders used to hold scrolls, but that does not really prove anythi

25、ng. Its possible that the copper cylinders were originally designed to preserve scrolls. And that some ancient inventor later discovered that if you use them together with iron rods and some liquid in a clay vessel, they will produce electricity. Thats how the first ancient battery could have been b

26、orn. In other words, the copper cylinders could have been originally used for one purpose, but then adapted for another purpose.Finally, theres the question of the possible uses of the battery in the ancient world. Well, the battery could produce a mild shock or tingling sensation when someone touch

27、ed it. This could very well have been interpreted as evidence of some invisible power. You can easily see how people could convince others that they had magical powers through the use of the battery. Also, the battery could have been used for healing. Modern medicine uses mild electric current to st

28、imulate muscles and relieve aches and pains. Ancient doctors may have used the batteries for the same purpose. In the reading material, the author states that the vessels found in Iraq in 1938 were not actually used as electric batteries in ancient times. However in the listening material, the profe

29、ssor refutes that the argument is unconvincing as it was used as batteries. First, according to the reading passage, the author suggests that if they were used as batteries, they would have been attached to some electricity conductors. However in the listening, the professor claims that we should re

30、member that the discovery was made by local people along with some other materials. As they were not trained as archaeologist, they could not recognize the importance of some certain excavations. Perhaps they were overlook as something uninterested and then thrown away. Second, the author in the rea

31、ding material mentions that the vessels were likely used for holding scrolls. Unfortunately the professor argues that it could not prove anything. It is possible that the vessels may be originally designed to scrolls. However ancient inventor then discovered that if the vessels were used with iron r

32、od and some liquid, it could generate the electricity. So the copper cylinders may be originally used for one purpose but adapted for another purpose. Finally, the author of the reading passage asserts that the vessels would have been completely useless to ancient people as they had no devices that

33、replied on electricity. In the contrary in obviously contradicts with the listening passage in which the professor contends that the battery could generate some mild shock and this also interprets evidence of some invisible power that how people convince others they had the magic power. Also it could be used