字幕Trust morality and oxytocin.docx

字幕Trust morality and oxytocin.docx

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字幕Trustmoralityandoxytocin

PaulZak:

Trust,moralityandoxytocin

Isthereanythinguniqueabouthumanbeings?

Thereis.We'retheonlycreatureswithfullydevelopedmoralsentiments.We'reobsessedwithmoralityassocialcreatures.Weneedtoknowwhypeoplearedoingwhatthey'redoing.AndIpersonallyamobsessedwithmorality.Itwasallduetothiswoman,SisterMaryMarastela,alsoknownasmymom.Asanaltarboy,Ibreathedinalotofincense,andIlearnedtosayphrasesinLatin,butIalsohadtimetothinkaboutwhethermymother'stop-downmoralityappliedtoeverybody.Isawthatpeoplewhowerereligiousandnon-religiouswereequallyobsessedwithmorality.Ithought,maybethere'ssomeearthlybasisformoraldecisions.ButIwantedtogofurtherthantosayourbrainsmakeusmoral.Iwanttoknowifthere'sachemistryofmorality.Iwanttoknowiftherewasamoralmolecule.After10yearsofexperiments,Ifoundit.Wouldyouliketoseeit?

Ibroughtsomewithme.Thislittlesyringecontainsthemoralmolecule.（Laughter）It'scalledoxytocin.Sooxytocinisasimpleandancientmoleculefoundonlyinmammals.Inrodents,itwasknowntomakemotherscarefortheiroffspring,andinsomecreatures,allowedfortolerationofburrowmates.Butinhumans,itwasonlyknowntofacilitatebirthandbreastfeedinginwomen,andisreleasedbybothsexesduringsex.SoIhadthisideathatoxytocinmightbethemoralmolecule.Ididwhatmostofusdo--Itrieditonsomecolleagues.Oneofthemtoldme,"Paul,thatistheworld'sstupidistidea.Itis,"hesaid,"onlyafemalemolecule.Itcan'tbethatimportant."ButIcountered,"Wellmen'sbrainsmakethistoo.Theremustbeareasonwhy."Buthewasright,itwasastupididea.Butitwastestablystupid.Inotherwords,IthoughtIcoulddesignanexperimenttoseeifoxytocinmadepeoplemoral.Turnsoutitwasn'tsoeasy.Firstofall,oxytocinisashymolecule.Baselinelevelsarenearzero,withoutsomestimulustocauseitsrelease.Andwhenit'sproduced,ithasathree-minutehalf-life,anddegradesrapidlyatroomtemperature.Sothisexperimentwouldhavetocauseasurgeofoxytocin,havetograbitfastandkeepitcold.IthinkIcandothat.Nowluckily,oxytocinisproducedbothinthebrainandintheblood,soIcoulddothisexperimentwithoutlearningneurosurgery.ThenIhadtomeasuremorality.SotakingonMoralitywithacapitalMisahugeproject.SoIstartedsmaller.Istudiedonesinglevirtue:

trustworthiness.Why?

Ihadshownintheearly2000sthatcountrieswithahigherproportionoftrustworthypeoplearemoreprosperous.Sointhesecountries,moreeconomictransactionsoccurandmorewealthiscreated,alleviatingpoverty.Sopoorcountriesarebyandlargelowtrustcountries.SoifIunderstoodthechemistryoftrustworthiness,Imighthelpalleviatepoverty.ButI'malsoaskeptic.Idon'twanttojustaskpeople,"Areyoutrustworthy?

"SoinsteadIusetheJerryMaguireapproachtoresearch.Ifyou'resovirtuous,showmethemoney.Sowhatwedoinmylabiswetemptpeoplewithvirtueandvicebyusingmoney.Letmeshowyouhowwedothat.Sowerecruitsomepeopleforanexperiment.Theyallget$10iftheyagreetoshowup.Wegivethemlotsofinstruction,andwenevereverdeceivethem.Thenwematchtheminpairsbycomputer.Andinthatpair,onepersongetsamessagesaying,"Doyouwanttogiveupsomeofyour$10youearnedforbeinghereandshipittosomeoneelseinthelab?

"Thetrickisyoucan'tseethem,youcan'ttalktothem.Youonlydoitonetime.Nowwhateveryougiveupgetstripledintheotherperson'saccount.You'regoingtomakethemalotwealthier.Andtheygetamessagebycomputersayingpersononesentyouthisamountofmoney.Doyouwanttokeepitall,ordoyouwanttosendsomeamountback?

Sothinkaboutthisexperimentforminute.You'regoingtositonthesehardchairsforanhourandahalf.Somemadscientistisgoingtojabyourarmwithaneedleandtakefourtubesofblood.Andnowyouwantmetogiveupthismoneyandshipittoastranger?

Sothiswasthebirthofvampireeconomics.Makeadecisionandgivemesomeblood.Soinfact,experimentaleconomistshadrunthistestaroundtheworld,andformuchhigherstakes,andtheconsensusviewwasthatthemeasurefromthefirstpersontothesecondwasameasureoftrust,andthetransferfromthesecondpersonbacktothefirstmeasuredtrustworthiness.Butinfact,economistswereflummoxedonwhythesecondpersonwouldeverreturnanymoney.Theyassumedmoneyisgood,whynotkeepitall?

That'snotwhatwefound.Wefound90percentofthefirstdecision-makerssentmoney,andofthosewhoreceivedmoney,95percentreturnedsomeofit.Butwhy?

Wellbymeasuringoxytocinwefoundthatthemoremoneythesecondpersonreceived,themoretheirbrainproducedoxytocin,andthemoreoxytocinonboard,themoremoneytheyreturned.Sowehaveabiologyoftrustworthiness.Butwait.What'swrongwiththisexperiment?

Twothings.Oneisthatnothinginthebodyhappensinisolation.Sowemeasurednineothermoleculesthatinteractwithoxytocin,buttheydidn'thaveanyeffect.ButthesecondisthatIstillonlyhadthisindirectrelationshipbetweenoxytocinandtrustworthiness.Ididn'tknowforsureoxytocincausedtrustworthiness.Sotomaketheexperiment,IknewI'dhavetogointothebrainandmanipulateoxytocindirectly.Iusedeverythingshortofadrilltogetoxytocinintomyownbrain.AndIfoundIcoulddoitwithanasalinhaler.SoalongwithcolleaguesinZurich,weput200menonoxytocinorplacebo,hadthatsametrusttestwithmoney,andwefoundthatthoseonoxytocinnotonlyshowedmoretrust,wecanmorethandoublethenumberofpeoplewhosentalltheirmoneytoastranger--allwithoutalteringmoodorcognition.Sooxytocinisthetrustmolecule,butisitthemoralmolecule?

Usingtheoxytocininhaler,weranmorestudies.Weshowedthatoxytocininfusionincreasesgenerosityinunilateralmonetarytransfersby80percent.Weshoweditincreasesdonationstocharityby50percent.We'vealsoinvestigatednon-pharmacologicwaystoraiseoxytocin.Theseincludemassage,dancingandpraying.Yes,mymomwashappyaboutthatlastone.Andwheneverweraiseoxytocin,peoplewillinglyopenuptheirwalletsandsharemoneywithstrangers.Butwhydotheydothis?

Whatdoesitfeellikewhenyourbrainisfloodedwithoxytocin?

Toinvestigatethisquestion,werananexperimentwherewehadpeoplewatchavideoofafatherandhisfouryear-oldson,andhissonhasterminalbraincancer.Aftertheywatchedthevideo,wehadthemratetheirfeelingsandtookbloodbeforeandaftertomeasureoxytocin.Thechangeinoxytocinpredictedtheirfeelingsofempathy.Soit'sempathythatmakesusconnecttootherpeople.It'sempathythatmakesushelpotherpeople.It'sempathythatmakesusmoral.Nowthisideaisnotnew.AthenunknownphilosophernamedAdamSmithwroteabookin1759called"TheTheoryofMoralSentiments."Inthisbook,Smitharguedthatwearemoralcreatures,notbecauseofatop-downreason,butforabottom-upreason.Hesaidwe'resocialcreatures,sowesharetheemotionsofothers.SoifIdosomethingthathurtsyou,Ifeelthatpain.SoItendtoavoidthat.IfIdosomethingthatmakesyouhappy,Igettoshareyourjoy.SoItendtodothosethings.NowthisisthesameAdamSmithwho,17yearslater,wouldwritealittlebookcalled"TheWealthofNations"--thefoundingdocumentofeconomics.Buthewas,infact,amoralphilosopher,andhewasrightonwhywe'remoral.Ijustfoundthemoleculebehindit.Butknowingthatmoleculeisvaluable,becauseittellsushowtoturnupthisbehaviorandwhatturnsitoff.Inparticular,ittellsuswhyweseeimmorality.Sotoinvestigateimmorality,letmebringyoubacknowto1980.I'mworkingatagasstationontheoutskirtsofSantaBarbara,California.Yousitinagasstationallday,youseelotsofmoralityandimmorality,letmetellyou.SooneSundayafternoon,amanwalksintomycashier'sboothwiththisbeautifuljewelrybox.Opensitupandthere'sapearlnecklaceinside.Andhesaid,"Hey,Iwasinthemen'sroom.Ijustfoundthis.Whatdoyouthinkweshoulddowithit?

""Idon'tknow,putitinthelostandfound.""Wellthisisveryvaluable.Wehavetofindtheownerforthis."Isaid,"Yea."Sowe'retryingtodecidewhattodowiththis,andthephonerings.Andamansaysveryexcitedly,"Iwasinyourgasstationawhileago,andIboughtthisjewelryformywife,andIcan'tfindit."Isaid,"Pearlnecklace?

""Yeah.""Hey,aguyjustfoundit.""Oh,you'resavingmylife.Here'smyphonenumber.Tellthatguytowaithalfanhour.I'llbethereandI'llgivehima$200reward."Great,soItelltheguy,"Look,relax.Getyourselfafatreward.Life'sgood."Hesaid,"Ican'tdoit.IhavethisjobinterviewinGalenain15minutes,andIneedthisjob,I'vegottogo."Againheaskedme,"Whatdoyouthinkweshoulddo?

"I'minhighschool.Ihavenoidea.SoIsaid,"I'llholditforyou."Hesaid,"Youknow,you'vebeensonice,let'ssplitthereward."I'llgiveyouthejewelry,yougivemeahundreddollars,andwhentheguycomes..."Youseeit.Iwasconned.Sothisisaclassicconcalledthepigeondrop,andIwasthepigeon.Sothewaymanyconsworkisnotthattheconmangetsthevictimtotrusthim,it'sthatheshowshetruststhevictim.Nowweknowwhathappens.Thevictim'sbrainreleasesoxytocin,andyou'reopeningupyourwalletorpurse,givingawaythemoney.Sowhoarethesepeoplewhomanipulateouroxytocinsystems?

Wefound,testingthousandsofindividuals,thatfivepercentofthepopulationdon'treleaseoxytocinonstimulus.So