Phonology.docx

Phonology.docx

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Phonology

•

Phonology

•StudyFocus

•Phonology

•Phoneme

•Allophone

•Minimalpairs

•Complementarydistribution

•Suprasegmentalfeatures

•1.Whatisphonology?

•Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

•Whatisasoundpattern?

•

（1）thesetofsoundsthatoccurinagivenlanguage；

•

（2）thepermissiblearrangementsofthesesoundsinwords；

•（3）theprocessesofadding,deleting,orchangingsounds.

•TheEnglishlanguage

•Englishhasmanywordswiththepatternconsonant-vowel-consonant.

•Manywordscontainconsonantclusters.

•Englishconsonantclustersarequitelimitedinthesoundstheymaycontain.

•Nomorethanthreeconsonantsmayoccuratthebeginningofaword.

•Whenthreeinitialconsonantsdooccur,thefirstmustbe/s/.

•Everywordmustcontainatleastonevowel-likesegment,exceptinterjectionslikesh!

•Therearelimitationsontheco-occurrence（共现）ofcertainvowelswithcertainconsonantsinthesamesyllable.

E.g.thevowelofhousedoesnotoccurbeforeafinal/b,p,m,f,v/.

•2.Phonologyandphonetics

•Phonologyandphoneticsarebothconcernedwithspeechsounds,buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus:

•Example:

Howisthesound[l]studiedinphoneticsandphonology

Thedifferencebetweentheclear[l]anddark[ɫ]

•clear[l]:

leaf[li:

f]

black [blæk]

lose[lu:

z]

•dark[ɫ]:

pool [pu:

ɫ]

milk[mɪɫk]

full[fʊɫ]or[f̩ɫ]

•Thetwosoundsarefundamentallythesame,sincetheyhaveoneandthesamefunctionincommunication,indistinguishingbetweenwordsandmeaningsdespitetheirdifferenceinpronunciation.

•Thedistributionpatternofthedifferentversionsofthe[l]sound,acomplementarypattern.

•Weuseclear[l]beforeavowel,suchasloaf,anddark[ɫ]attheendofawordafteravowelorbeforeaconsonant.

•3.Phone,phoneme,andallophone

3.1Phone音素

•Aphoneisaphoneticunit（语音单位）orsegment（音段）.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.

•Phonesareindividualsoundsastheyoccurinspeech.

•Aphonedoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

[mi:

t]and[ni:

t]

[spit]and[sphit]

3.2Phoneme音位

•Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.

•（a）thewordspanandbandifferonlyintheirinitialsound:

panbeginswith/p/andbanwith/b/.

•（b）banandbindifferonlyintheirvowels:

/æ/and/i/.

•Therefore,/p/,/b/,/æ/and/i/arephonemesofEnglish.

•Thenumberofphonemesvariesfromonelanguagetoanother.

•Characteristicsofphonemes

•Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit（音系单位）.

•Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

•Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.

•E.g.theunaspirated[p]andtheaspirated[ph]areallphonesofthephoneme/p/.

•Aphonemeiscapableofdistinguishingmeaning.

•Wecantellthedifferenceamong/mæn/,/pæn/,/bæn/,/tæn/,/ræn/,/kæn/,/æn/becausetheyallcontainadifferentphoneme.

3.3Allophone音位变体

•Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.

•Theunaspirated[p]（不送气）andtheaspirated[ph]（送气）areallophones（音位变体）ofthephoneme/p/（音位）.

•Thephoneme/l/canberealizedasclear[l]（清晰）anddark[ɫ]（模糊）.（Theyaretheallophonesofthephoneme/l/.

•4.Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair

•Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways:

phonemiccontrast（音位对立）

complementarydistribution（互补分布）

•Phonemiccontrast:

Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyformaphonemiccontrast.

e.g./p/and/b/in/pit/and/bit/

***Complementarydistribution

Complementarydistributionreferstothesituationinwhichphonesneveroccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.

•Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments.Soallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

Weuseclear[l]beforeavowel,suchasloaf,anddark[ɫ]attheendofawordafteravowelorbeforeaconsonant.

•Minimalpair最小对立体

•Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

•Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.

•Aneasywaytodothisistofindtheminimalpairs.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

•bearpear

•bigpig

•billpill

•pilltill

•tillkill

•bearpear

•bigpig

•billpill

•pilltill

•tillkill

•Accordingly,wecanconcludethat/b//p//t//k/arephonemesinEnglish.

•Minimalset

•feat,fit,fat,fate,fought,foot

•big,pig,rig,fig,dig,wig

•5.Phonologicalrules

•Sequentialrules序列规则

•Assimilationrules同化规则

•Deletionrule省略规则

•Sequentialrules:

rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Forexample，ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.

•Student’spresentation：

Topic：

initialsoundis/s/

•Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:

（1） Thefirstphonememustbe/s/

（2）Thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/

（3） Thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/

•Basedonthesequentialrules,wecantellwhatarrangementsofsoundscanformpossiblewordsinalanguage.

blik,klib,bilk,kilb

spring,strict,square

•Assimilationrules:

Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby‘copying’afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

•Whenaspeechsoundchanges,andbecomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitorprecedesit,thisiscalledassimilation.

•The[i:

]soundisnasalizedinwordslikebean,green,team,scream.

•Thealveolarnasal[n]isassimilatedtoavelarnasal[ŋ]inthewordincorrect,because[k]isavelarstop.

•Thesoundassimilation（foreaseofarticulation）isreflectedinthespelling（wordformation）:

•InEnglish,thenegativeprefixappearsasim-beforewordssuchaspossible:

Aspossiblestartswithabilabialsound,theprefixim-endsinabilabialsound.

•Whynotinpossible?

•Canyouexplainintolerant?

•Howaboutillegalandirregular?

•Progressiveassimilation

•Regressiveassimilation

•Reciprocalassimilation

•What’sthis?

•It’seasy.

•What’shappened?

•Iusedto…

•Inbed

•Tenminutes

•Don’tbelate.

•Good-bye

•Incase

•Idon’tcare.

•Goodgirl

•Thisshape

•Thisyear

•Hasshecome?

•Where’syours?

•education

•situation

•Deletionrule:

Thedeletionruledetermineswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented（presentinthespelling）.

signsignature

designdesignation

paradigmparadigmatic

•Therule:

deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.

•6.Suprasegmentalfeatures

超切分特征

•Syllable

•Stress

•Tone（pitchmovement）

•Intonation

6.1Syllable

•Aunitinspeechwhichisoftenlongerthanonesoundandsmallerthanawholeword.

•Thesyllableisdefinedbythewayinwhichvowelsandconsonantscombinetoformvarioussequences.

•Vowelscanformasyllableontheirownortheycanbethecenterofasyllable.

•Consonantsareatthebeginningorendofsyllablesandwithafewexceptions,donotusuallyformsyllablesontheirown.

6.2Stress

•Thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables.

•Wordstressandsentencestress

•Wordstressreferstotherelativeforcegiventothesyllable（s）ofaword.

•ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.

•Sentencestressreferstotherelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofasentence.

•Student’spresentation:

Topic1:

wordstressandpartofspeech

Topic2:

sentencestress

IboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.

•Group-discussion

•Iampaintingmylivingroomblue.

•我有一本朋友送的英汉词典。

•Ashiftofstressmaychangethepartofspeechofaword:

import,increase,rebel

•Alterationofstressdistinguishesacompoundnounfromaphraseconsistingofthesameelements:

blackbird,blackbird;blackboard;greenhouse;hotdog,hotdog

•Wordstressdistinguishestwotypesof–ing+nouncombinations:

Compound:

dining-room,readingglasses,sewingmachine

Nounphraseswithan–ingparticiplemodifier:

sleepingbaby,swimmingfish

•ThepartsofspeechthatarenormallystressedinanEnglishsentencearenouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs,numeralsanddemonstrativepronouns.

•ThepartsofspeechthatarenormallyunstressedinanEnglishsentencearearticles,personpronouns,auxiliaryverbs,prepositions,andconjunctions.

•Togivespecialemphasistoacertainidea,anunstressedwordcanbestressed.

6.3Tone（pitchmovement）

•Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

•Whenwelistentopeoplespeaking,wecanhearsomesoundsorgroupsofsoundsintheirspeechtoberelativelyhigherorlowerthanothers.Thisrelativeheightofspeechsoundsasperceivedbyalisteneriscalledpitch.

•IntheEnglishquestionReady?

Meaning“areyouready?

”thesecondsyllable–dywillbeheardashavingahigherpitchthanthefirstsyllable.

•Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaning,especiallyintonelanguageslikeChinese

6.4Intonation

•Whenpit