ANGLOSAXON PREFIXES.docx

ANGLOSAXON PREFIXES.docx

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ANGLOSAXONPREFIXES

ANGLO-SAXONPREFIXES

∙WHATISAPREFIX

Aprefixisasound（orcombinationofsounds）placedbeforeandconnectedtoawordorroottoformanewword.Examples:

PREFIX

WORDORROOT

NEWWORD

FORE（Anglo-Saxonprefixmeaning"beforehand"

+SEE

=FORESEE（meaning"seebeforehand"

DIS（Latinprefixmeaning"apart"

+SECT（rootmeaning"cut"）

=DISSECT（meaning"cutapart"

HYPER（Greekprefixmeaning"over"）

+CRITICAL

=HYPERCRITICAL（meaning"overcritical）

∙WHYSTUDYPREFIXES?

Aknowledgeofprefixesandtheirmeaningscanhelpyouenlargeyourvocabulary.ThenumberofEnglishwordsbeginningwithprefixesisconsiderable,anditkeepsincreasing.Onceyouknowwhataparticularprefixmeans,youhaveacluetothemeaningofeverywordbeginningwiththatprefix.Forexample,whenyoulearnthattheLatinprefixbimeans"two,"youarebetterabletounderstand–andremember–themeaningofbipartisan（"representingtwopoliticalparties"）,bilingual（"speakingtwolanguages"）,bisect（"cutintwo"）,etc.

∙OurprefixescomemainlyfromAnglo-Saxon（OldEnglish）,Latin,andAncientGreek.

1.FORE-:

"beforehand,""front,""before"

WORD

MEANING

TYPICALUSE

Forearm

（literally,"frontpartofthearm）partofthearmfromthewristtotheelbow

HenryprotectedhisfacefromGeorge'sblowsbyraisinghisforearms.

Forebear

（ant.Descendant）

（literally,"onewhohasbeenorexistedbefore"）ancestor;forefather

JohnF.Kennedy'sforebearsmigratedtoAmericafromIreland.

Foreboding

Feelingbeforehandofdomingtrouble;misgiving;presentiment

Thedaybeforetheaccident,Ihadaforebodingthatsomethingwouldgowrong.

Forecast

Estimatebeforehandofafuturehappening;prediction;prophecy

Haveyoulistenedtotheweatherforecastfortomorrow?

Forefront

（literally,"frontpartofthefront"）foremostplaceorpart;vanguard

Incombattheofficerwasalwaysintheforefrontoftheattack,leadinghismenontovictory.

Forgoing

Goingbefore;preceding

Carefullyreviewtheforegoingchapterbeforereadinganyfurther.

Foremost

Standingatthefront;first;mostadvanced;leading;principal;chief

DidyouknowthatBenjaminFranklinwasoneoftheforemostinventorsoftheeighteenthcentury?

Foreshadow

Indicatebeforehand

Ourdefeatinthechampionshipgamewasforeshadowedbyinjuriestotwoofourstarplayersinapreviousgame.

Foresight

（ant.Hindsight）

Powerofseeingbeforehandwhatislikelytohappen;prudence

Foresightisbetterthanhindsight.

Foreword

Frontmatterprecedingthetextofabook;preface;introduction

BeforeChapterI,thereisabriefforewordinwhichtheauthorexplainswhyhewrotethebook.

2.MIS-:

"bad,""badly,"wrong,"wrongly"

WORD

MEANING

TYPICALUSE

Misbelief

Wrongorerroneousbelief

PeoplethoughttheearthwasflatuntilColumbuscorrectedthatmisbelief.

Misdeed

Badact;wickeddeed

Thewrongdoerwaspunishedforhismisdeedbyafineandimprisonment.

Misfire

（literally,"firewrongly"）tofailtobefiredorexplodedproperly

Thebearescapedwhenthehunter'sriflemisfired.

Misgiving

Uneasyfeeling;feelingofdoubtorsuspicion;foreboding;lackofconfidence

DadhasnomisgivingswhenMothertakesthewheel,becausesheisanexcellentdriver.

Mishap

Badhappening;misfortune;unluckyaccident;mischance

Rightafterthecollision,eachdriverblamedtheotherforthemishap.

Mislay

Toputorlayinanunrememberedplace;lose

YesterdayImislaidmybiologybook,andittookmeaboutahalfhourtofindit.

Mislead

Toleadastray（inthewrongdirection）;deceive;delude;beguile

Sometrafficsignsaresoconfusingthattheymisleadthetraveler.

Misstep

Wrongstep;slipinconductorjudgment;blunder

Quittingschoolisamisstepthatyoumayregretfortherestofyourlife.

3.OUT-:

"beyond,""out,""morethan,""longer（faster,better）than"

WORD

MEANING

TYPICALUSE

Outgrow

Togrowbeyondortoolargefor

ThejacketDadboughtmelastyearistoosmall.Ihaveoutgrownit.

Outlandish

Lookingorsoundingasifitbelongstoa（foreign）landbeyondours;strange;fantastic

Amasqueradeisalwaysinterestingbecausepeoplecomeinsuchoutlandishcostumes.

Outlast

Alookingbeyond;prospectforthefuture

Theoutlookforunskilledlaborersisnotbright,astheirjobsaregraduallybeingtakenoverbymachines.

Output

（literally,whatis"putout"）ayieldorproduct;anamountproduced

TheoutputoftheaverageAmericanfactoryworkerissteadilyincreasing.

Outrun

Torunfasterthan

WescoredatouchdownwhenJoelcaughtaforwardpassandoutranhispursuers.

Outspoken

Speakingoutfreelyorboldly;frank;notreserved

Martysometimeshurtsotherswhenhecriticizestheirworkbecauseheistoooutspoken.

Outwit

Togetthebetterofbybeingmoreclever

InSir

ArthureConanDoyle'sdetectivestories,SherlockHolmesmanagestooutwitthecleverestcriminals.

4.OVER-:

"too,""excessively,"over,""beyond"

WORD

MEANING

TYPICALUSE

Overbearing

Domineeringoverothers;inclinedtodictate

Whenthemonitorgavetoomanyorders,theteacherscoldedhimforbeingoverbearing.

Overburden

Toplacetooheavyaloadon;burdenexcessively;overtax

ItwouldoverburdenmetohavemypianolessonThursdaybecauseIhavesomuchhomeworkonthatday.

Overconfident

Toosureofoneself;excessivelyconfident

IwassosureofpassingthatIwasn'tgoingtostudy,butdadadvisedmenottobeoverconfident.

Overdose

Quantityofmedicinebeyondwhatistobetakenatonetimeorinagivenperiod;toobigadose

Donottakemoreofthemedicinethanthedoctorordered;anoverdosemaybedangerous.

Overestimate

Tomaketoohighanestimate（roughcalculation）oftheworthorsizeofsomethingorsomeone;overvalue

Joeoverestimatedthecapacityofthebuswhenhethoughtiscouldhold60;itwasroomforonly48.

Overgenerous

Tooliberalingiving;excessivelyopenhanded

Becausetheservicewaspoor,MotherthoughtDadwasovergenerousinleavingthewaitera15%tip.

Overshadow

Tocastashadowover;bemoreimportantthan;outweigh

Gary'serrorsinthefieldovershadowedhisgoodworkattheplate.

Oversupply

Toogreatasupply;anexcessivesupply

Wehaveashortageofskilledtechniciansbutanoversupplyofunskilledworkers.

Overwhelm

Tocoverovercompletely;overpower;overthrow;crush

Thedepartmentstoreguardswerenearlyoverwhelmedbythecrowdsofshopperswaitingforthesaletobegin.

5.UN-:

"not,""lackof,""dotheoppositeof,""removeorreleasefrom"

WORD

MEANING

TYPICALUSE

Unabridged

Notabridged;notmadeshorter;complete

Thoughanabridgeddictionaryisconvenienttouse,itcontainsfarfewerdefinitionsthananunabridgeddictionary.

Unbiased

Notbiased;notprejudicedinfavoroforagainst;fair

Don'taskthemotherofacontestanttoserveasajudgebecauseitmaybehardforhertoremainunbiased.

Unconcern

Lackofconcern,anxiety,orinterest;indifference

Theaudiencewasbreathlesswithanxietyduringthedaringtightropeact,thoughtheacrobatsthemselvesperformedwithseemingunconcernfortheirownsafety.

Undeceive

Freefromdeceptionormistakenideas;setstraight

IfyouthinkIcangetMr.Owenstohireyoubecauseheismycousin,letmeundeceiveyou.Ihavenoinfluencewithhim.

Ungag

Removeagagfrom;releasefromcensorship

Withthedictator'sdownfall,thecensorshipdecreeswereabolishedandthepresswasungagged.

Unnerve

Depriveofnerveorcourage;causetoloseself-control;upset

Theunsportsmanlikenoisesofthefanssounnervedourstarplayerthathemissedtwofoulshotsinarow.

6.UNDER-:

"beneath,""lower,""insufficient（ly）"

WORD

MEANING

TYPICALUSE

Underbrush

Shrubs,bushes,etc.,growingbeneathlargetreesinawood;undergrowth

Onitswaythroughthedensejungle,thepatrolhadtobeconstantlywaryofenemysoldiersconcealedintheunderbrush.

Underdeveloped

Insufficientlydevelopedbecauseofalackofcapitalandtrainedpersonnelforexploitingnaturalresources

Ourcountryhasspentbillionsofdollarstohelptheunderdevelopednationsimprovetheirstandardofliving.

Undergraduate

（literally,"lowerthanagraduate"）astudentinacollegeoruniversitywhohasnotyetearnedhisfirstdegree

Mostundergraduatestakefouryearstoearnadegree,butsomeachieveitsoonerbyattendingsummersessions.

Underpayment

Insufficientpayment

IftoolittleisdeductedfromDad'sweeklywagesforincometax,itresultsinanunderpaymentattheendoftheyear.

Underprivileged

Insufficientlyprivileged:

deprivedthroughsocialoreconomicoppressionofsomeofthefundamentalrightssupposedtobelongtoall

Theunderprivilegedchildfromthecrowdedslumtenementhasmanymoreproblemstoovercomethanthechildfromthemiddle-classhome.

Underscore

Drawalinebeneath;emphasize

Whenwetakenotes,ourteacherwantsustounderscoreitemsthatareespeciallyimportant.

Undersell

Sellatalowerpricethan

Whendiscounthousestriedtounderselldepartmentstores,thelatterreducedpricestoo,andadoptedtheslogan"Wewillnotbeundersold."

Undersigned

Personorpersonswhosignattheendof（literally,"under"）aletterordocument

Amongtheundersignedinthepetitiontothegovernorweresomeofthemostprominentpersonsinthestate.

Understatement

Astatementbelowthetruth,arestrainedstatementinmockingcontrasttowhatmightbesaid

Frank'sremarkthathewas"slightlybruised"intheaccidentisanunderstatement;hesufferedtwofracturedribs.

Understudy

Onewho"studiesunder"andlearnsthepartofaregularperformersoastobehissubstituteifnecessary

Whilethestarisrecuperatingfromherillness,herrolewill