3雅思考试语法非谓语动词.docx
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3雅思考试语法非谓语动词
3.非谓语动词
引入:
英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构,如→_→,如果出现更多动词,则如下进行修改:
Studyhard.Youwillsucceed.
加并列连词(and/but/so)
=Studyhardandyouwillsucceed.
或放入从句
=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillsucceed.
或变为非谓语动词
=Studyinghard,youwillsucceed.
名称
数量
形式
谓语动词
1个
动词原形(+时态/被动态)
非谓语动词
N个
变形
非谓语动词:
Doing动名词
Todo不定式
Doing,done分词
非谓语动词的变形取决于:
1.前后搭配
2.句子成分
非谓语动词可以充当的成分:
主
宾
表
定
状
补
Doing
*
*
*
*
Todo
*
*
*
*
*
*
Doing/Done
*
*
*
*
第一节:
动名词
1.动名词做主语
e.g.Breakingawayfromindustrialagricultureasthesolutiontohungermaybeveryhardforsomecountries.剑7T2R
对于一些国家而言,通过摆脱工业化农业解决饥饿问题也许相当困难。
动名词做主语时的位置:
一般放句首,谓语动词用单数
有时放句末,仅限于特定句型
特殊句型:
Itisnouse/gooddoing
Thereisnouse/point/goodindoingsth.
【Exercise】
1.现在让我出去和人约会没有用。
如果我碰上了意中人,我自然会爱上他的。
可是在现在这个时候我跟谁也不会有结果的,除非是为了解解闷。
________________________________________.ImightreallylikeifImethimatthetime,butwho,rightnow,hasnochanceofbeinganythingtomebutatransitionalman.
Key:
Thereisnousedatingwithothers.
2.__________________长时间看电脑屏幕damagesyoureyes.
Key:
Watchingcomputerscreensforalongtime
3._________________不戴眼镜canmakeyoureyesightworse.
Key:
Notwearingyourglasses
2.动名词做表语
e.g.My hobby is collecting stamps.
e.g.Ifthejobisrunningasmallbusinessoranautonomous(自主的独立的)unitwithinalargerbusiness,highachiever(高能力者)shouldbesought.
如果工作是经营一家小型的企业,或者是较大企业中的一个独立部门,就应该寻找能力强的人。
3.动名词做宾语
经常搭配动名词的动词有:
appreciate,avoid,enjoy,involve,practice,suggestkeep,imagine,finish,spend,time,devote to,look forward to,stick to,be used to,object to, be surprised at , be proud of, succeed in, be afraid of, give up +doing
【Exercise】
在这篇文章中,我将说明支持这一观点的理由。
(剑5,G,TA,R)
Inthisessay,Iwillgivemyreasonsfor________.
•holding/supportingthisopinion.
通过读书我能学到很多东西。
Ilearnedalotby/throughreading.
4.做定语(通常表用途)
asleepingpill安眠药
a waiting room等候室;候诊室
a reading room阅览室
a dining hall 宴会厅;餐厅
aswimming pool游泳池
动名词的逻辑主语
Nickinsistedonreadingtheletter.
Nickinsistedonmyreadingtheletter.
【Exercise】翻译:
Tom拒绝接受邀请,这让我很恼火。
(用动名词做主语翻译)
1.Tomrefusedtoaccepttheinvitation,anditmakesmeangry.(并列句)
2.Tomrefusedtoaccepttheinvitation,whichmakesmeangry.(定语从句)
3.ItmakesmeangrythatTomrefusedtoaccepttheinvitation.(主语从句)
4.Tom’srefusingtoaccepttheinvitationmakesmeangry.(动名词做主语)
第二节:
不定式
1.不定式做主语
位置:
大部分放句末,it做形式主语
【Exercise】我们不可能在很短的时间内就掌握英语。
ItisimpossibleforustomasterEnglishinashorttime.
你在这里停车是违章的。
Itisillegalforyoutoparkyourcarhere.
Itisagainsttheregulationforyoutoparkyourcarhere.
2.不定式做表语
经常和doing互换;Todo常表示想要做,将要做,还没做的事情
【Exercise】我的打算是在英国或者上剑桥或者上牛津。
剑2T3S
MyplanistoattendeitherCambridgeorOxfordinEngland.
3.不定式做宾语
后接不定式做宾语的动词:
…verb+todosth
agree,aim,appear,arrange,attempt,beable,belikely,claim,decide,deserve,fail,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,seem,tend,try
…verb+sb.+todosth.
advise,allow,encourage,force,get,persuade,remind,teach,tell,warn
…verb+todosth/…verb+sb.+todosth
ask,choose,dare,expect,help,intend,need,prefer,prepare,want
e.g.I find it hard to get along with him.
e.g.Ifindittoosimpletosaythatapersonwhoseparentsarecriminalswillbecomeone,too.(剑5T4W)
动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语
e.g.I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
【Exercise】他们结交朋友,学会如何与年纪相仿的孩子交往剑4GTBW
Theymakefriendsandlearnhowtogetonwithotherchildrenofasimilarage.
4.不定式做定语
【Exercise】
他有了一次出国的机会
He has got a chance to go abroad.
战胜恐惧的唯一方法就是面对恐惧
Theonlywaytoovercomefearsistoconfrontthem.
所有学生都有一些机会去增强自己的信心剑4GTAR
Allstudentsaregivenchancestodeveloptheirconfidence.
我反对那项机场扩建和增加航班数量的计划剑3GTBW
Iobjecttotheplantoexpandtheairportandincreasethenumberofflights.
5.不定式做状语
目的状语=inorderto/soasto
e.g.Scientistsareworkingtodiscoverthelinksbetweentheweatherandhumanbeings’moodandperformance.剑T3R
e.g.I’dclimbthehighestmountain,justtoseeyousmile.I’dswimtheocean,justtoholdyourhand.I’drunamillionmiles,justtobewithyouforever.
结果状语
e.g.Liftastoneonlytodropitonyourownfeet.
e.g.Heworksveryhardfor3monthstopasstheexam.
e.g.Heworksveryhardfor3yearsonlytofailtheexam.
6.不定式做补语
e.g.Thefoolthinkshimselftobewise,butthewisemanknowshimselftobefool.
可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:
ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage
表见解、看法的动词结构可为:
动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构
e.g.We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
e.g.The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)
7.独立使用
加逗号与主句隔开
e.g.Tobeginwith,onbehalfofallofyourAmericanguests,Iwishtothankyoufortheincomparablehospitality(无比盛情的款待).(尼克松1972)
e.g.首先Tobeginwith,tostartwith
总之Toconclude,tosumup,tobebrief
老实说Tobehonest,tobefrank,totellthetruth
更别提Nottomention...Tosaynothingof
第三节:
分词
分类
充当:
表定状补
现在分词
Doing
主动
正在进行
过去分词
Done
被动
已经完成
1.分词做表语
表语=形容词,通常表示主语的特征或所处的状态
e.g.The matchwasexcitingandwefeltexcited.
区别:
现在分词ing,表示“令人...”,过去分词表示“感到...”
【Exercise】
1.用括号内词的正确形式填空
Madame Curie found husband’s death__shocking______ .(shock)
Be brave. You look like a __frightened______bird (frighten)(惊弓之鸟)
The fierce lion looks___frightened________(frighten). Keep away from its cage or it will attack you.
2.填空
Wealthis____,nothingis____;whenhealthis____,somethingis____;whencharacter人品品格is____,allis____。
(丢失)lost
Playingcomputergamesis__time-consuming______.(浪费时间的)
Ridingabikeis__energy-saving________.节约能源的
Ourcityisbecomingincreasingly__crowded____拥挤的duetothe_expanding_____(日益增加的)populationandthesharpriseinthenumberofprivatecars.
2.分词做定语
定语=形容词(重点)
位置:
前置定语~一个单词
后置定语~短语
e.g.adevelopingcountryadevelopedcountry
asleepingbabyaretiredworker
【Exercise】
前置定语
剥削阶级exploit
theexploitingclass简洁版
=theclassthatexploitsothers详细版
善解人意的understand
一个善解人意的人anunderstandingman
=amanwhocanunderstandother’sfeelings
所有这些活动都有可能产生破坏性的影响。
(剑3,T2,R)
Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingimpacts.
不断恶化的环境已经引起了人们的广泛关注
Theworseningenvironmenthasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.
Thedeterioratingenvironmenthasarousedpeople’swideconcern.
后置定语vs定语从句
•Companiesemploypeoplewhohaveoverseasbackground.定从
•Companiesemploypeoplehavingoverseasbackground.分词
•Thegirlwhoisstandingunderthetreeismyniece.
•Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.
•Thebuildingwhichwasbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.
•Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.
【Exercise】
1.改错:
Childrenraisinginlargefamiliesusuallygetalongwellwithothers.在大家庭里长大的孩子通常能与人和睦相处。
raised
2.Pricesofdailygoods____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.
AareboughtBboughtCbeenboughtDbuying.
3.Thebook____writtenbyafarmer____(一本农民写的书)isverypopular.
4.Thewindow___brokenbyanaughtyboy___(被那个顽皮男孩打破的)isbeingrepaired
【Exercise】
分析句子
(1)Asaresult,theserviceprovidedtotheguestswasbelowthestandardpromisedtothem.
(2)Theextramoneyobtainedfrompart-timejobswillstronglysupportstudentstocontinuetheirstudy.
3.分词做补语
分词充当句子的补足语一般仅限于用在感觉动词后:
find,hear,smell,observe,watch,notice…
e.g.Ifindtherealsituationfrustrating.
e.g.Televisionnotonlypresentsavividworldtous,butalsokeepsuswell-informedofthelatestdevelopmentinallfields.
e.g.Weshouldhavethewasteproperlydisposedof.处理丢弃
4.分词做状语
包括时间,原因,条件,结果,伴随,方式,让步
e.g.Becausehegotsick,hedidn’tgotoschool.
Gettingsick,hedidn’tgotoschool.
e.g.WhenIwasyoung,Ialwaysplayedwithhim.
Beingyoung,Ialwaysplayedwithhim.
难点剖析:
一、状语从句如何转化为分词做状语
找动词在从句中找核心动词
变形判断该动词与从句主语或逻辑主语之间的主被动关系
逻辑主语:
如果与主句的主语一致,删;不一致,留
连词:
可留可不留,比较少碰到的可留,如unlessthough
【Exercise】
1.因为想着肯定会迟到,布朗太太决定打的。
Becauseshethoughtshemustbelate,MissBrowndecidedtotakeataxi.
Thinkingshemustbelate,MissBrowndecidedtotakeataxi.
2.Ifeverythingisconsidered,workislessboringthanamusingoneself.
Everythingconsidered,workislessboringthanamusingoneself.
3.选择题:
_______,Istretchedmyhandoutforit.
A.IsawthebookIwantedontheshelf
B.ThebookIwantedwasontheshelf
C.Seeingthebooklyingacrossthedesk
D.Lyingonthedesk
二、写作中非谓语常见的错误
e.g.Workinghard,andwecanlearnEnglishwell.
e.g.Givenhelpifyoucan,andourcountrywillimprovebetter.
Giving
非谓语动词作状语被误用为单句
Theexpertsalwaysdisagreewiththelatterpointandbelievethat….(雅思写作)
Theexpertsalwaysdisagreewiththelatterpoint,believingthat….
【Exercise】
一、选择题
1. The secretary worked late into the night, _____a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepare D. was preparing
2. The dog, _____, will make a good watch dog.
A. to train properlyB. training properly C. properly to train D. trained properly
3. _____from a spaceship , the earth isblue, green and white ball.
A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. saw
4. _____ with his brother, he is not so clever.
A. Compared B. To compares . C.Comparing D. Compare
5. There are the facts _____by the school
A. to gather B. gathering C. gathered D. being gathered
二、分析下列句子
1.Livinginthecountry,peoplehavefewsocialvisitsandlackentertainmentfacilities.
2.Weshouldhelpthewildlifeandbringthreatenedspeciesintocaptivitytobreedthem,thusincreasingthepopulationofthosespecies.
3.Pa