中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解.docx

中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解.docx

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中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

中国科学技术大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

SECTIONⅠLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION（20points）

（略）

SECTIONⅡREADINGCOMPREHENSION（30points）

Directions:

Thereare5passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD．YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenblackenthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageOne

Questions21to24arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

When,intheageofautomation,mansearchesforaworkertodothetedious,unpleasantjobsthatareimpossibletomechanize,hemayveryprofitablyconsidertheape.

Ifwetackledtheproblemofbreedingforbrainswithasmuchasenthusiasmaswedevotetobreedingdogsofsurrealisticshapes,wecouldeventuallyproduceassortedmodelsofusefulprimates,ranginginsizefromthegorilladowntothebaboon,eachadaptedtoaspecifickindofwork.Itisnotputtingtoomuchstrainontheimaginationtoassumethatgeneticistscouldproduceasuper-ape,abletounderstandsomescoresofwords,andcapableofbeingtrainedforsuchjobsaspickingfruit,cleaningupthelitterinparks,shiningshoes,collectinggarbage,doinghouseholdchores,andevenbaby-sitting（thoughIhaveknownsomebabiesIwouldnotcaretotrustwithavaluableape）.

Apescoulddomanyjobs,suchascleaningstreetsandthemorerepetitivetypesofagriculturalwork,withoutsupervision,thoughtheymightneedprotectionfromthoseexceptionalspecimensofHomosapienswhothinkitamusingtoteaseorbullyanythingtheyconsiderlowerontheevolutionaryladder.Forothertasks,suchasdeliveringpapersandlaboringonthedocks,ourman-apewouldhavetoworkunderhumanoverseers;and,incidentally,Iwouldlovetoseethefinaleofthetwenty-firstcenturyversionofontheWaterfrontinwhichthehonestbuthairyherowilldrumonhischestafter-literallytakingthewickedlaborleaderapart.

Onceasupplyofnonhumanworkersbecomesavailable,awholerangeoflowIQjobscouldbethankfullyrelinquishedbymankind,toitsgreatmentalandphysicaladvantage.Whatismore,oneoftheproblemswhichhaveplaguedsomanyfictionalUtopiaswouldbeavoided:

TherewouldbenoneofthedegradinglysubhumanEpsilonsofHuxley'sBraveNewWorldtoactasapermanentreproachtosociety,forthereisaprofoundmoraldifferencebetweenbreedingsub-menandsuper-apes,thoughtheendproductsaremuchthesame.Thefirstwouldintroduceaformofslavery;thesecondwouldbeabiologicaltriumphwhichcouldbenefitbothmenandanimals.

21．Intheauthor'sopinion,theideathatgeneticistscouldproduceasuper-apeis______.

A．irrationalB．plausible

C．biologicallyimpossibleD．demonstrablytrue

22．Thetypeofjobanapecoulddowithoutsupervisionwouldbeonewhichis______.

A．repetitiveB．mechanizedC．unusualD．intricate

23．AproblemthathasplaguedsomefictionalUtopiasis______.

A．creationofsuper-apesB．thenecessityofbreedingsuper-humans

C．thenecessityofbreedingsubhumansD．thedegradationofbeasts

24．Theauthorofthisarticleis

A．revealinghislowopinionofmankind

B．pokingfunatgeneticists

C．expressinghisdoubtsaboutthepossibilityofbreedingasuper-ape

D．presentingareasonabletheoryinahumoroustone

PassageTwo

Questions25to28arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Asoneworkswithcolorinapracticalorexperimentalway,oneisimpressedbytwoapparentlyunrelatedfacts.Colorasseenisamobilechangeablethingdependingtoalargeextentontherelationshipofthecolortoothercolorsseensimultaneously.Itisnotfixedinitsrelationtothedirectstimuluswhichcreatesit.Ontheotherhand,thepropertiesofsurfacesthatgiverisetocolordonotseemtochangegreatlyunderawidevarietyofilluminationcolors,usually（butnotalways）lookingmuchthesameinartificiallightasindaylight.Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier.

Whentheeyeisfixedonacoloredarea,thereisanimmediatereadjustmentofthesensitivityoftheeyetocolorinandaroundtheareaviewed.Thisreadjustmentdoesnotimmediatelyaffectthecolorseenbutusuallydoesaffectthenextareatowhichthegazeisshifted.Thelongerthetimeofviewing,thehighertheintensity,andthelargerthearea,thegreatertheeffectwillbeintermsofitspersistenceinthesucceedingviewingsituation.AsindicatedbytheworkofWrightandShouted,itappearsthat,atleastforafirstapproximation,fulladaptationtakesplaceoveraverybrieftimeiftheadaptingsourceismoderatelybrightandtheeyehasbeeninrelativedarknessjustpreviously.Asthestimulusisallowedtoact,however,theeffectbecomesmorepersistentinthesensethatittakestheeyelongertoregainitssensitivitytolowerintensities.Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan“afterimage”superimposedonthesecond.Theeffectnotonlyispresentovertheactualareacausingthe“localadaptation”butalsospreadswithdecreasingstrengthtoadjoiningareasoftheeyetoproduce“lateraladaptation”.Also,becauseofthepersistenceoftheeffectoftheeyeisshiftedaroundfromoneobjecttoanother,allofwhichareatsimilarbrightnessorhavesimilarcolors,theadaptationwilltendtobecomeuniformoverthewholeeye.

25．Thisselectionisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

A．theeye'sadaptationtocolorB．thepropertiesofcoloredsurfaces

C．thecolorofcolorsD．theeffectofchangesincolorintensity

26．Whetheracoloredobjectwould,ontwoviewingsseparatedintime,appeartotheviewerassimilarordifferentincolorwoulddependmostlyon______.

A．thecolormechanismoftheeyeinuseatthetimeofeachviewing

B．whethertheobjectwasseeninartificialornaturallight

C．whatkindofviewinghadimmediatelyprecededeachoftheviewings

D．theindividual'spoweroflateraladaptation

27．Ifaperson'seyehasbeenlookingatanobjectinbrightsunlightforsometime,andthenshiftstoanobjectnotwelllit,wecanexpect______.

A．atimelaginthefocusingabilityoftheeye

B．someinabilitytoseecolorsofthelatter-namedobjectsuntillossofsensitivityhasbeenregained

C．theimmediatelossofthe“afterimage”ofthefirstobject

D．theadaptationinthecentralareaoftheeyebutlittleadaptationinthelateralareastothenewintensitylevel

28．Thepresentselectionhasapparentlybeenprecededbysomeexplanationof______.

A．someexperimentswithcolorpigments

B．thenatureofcolor

C．thecolorpropertiesofvarioussurfaces

D．themechanismoftheeye'sadaptationtocolor

PassageThree

Questions29to32arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

TheGreek'sloftyattitudetowardscientificresearch—andthescientists'contemptofutility—wasalongtimedying.ForamillenniumafterArchimedes,thisseparationofmechanicsfromgeometryinhibitedfundamentaltechnologicalprogressandinsomeareasrepresseditaltogether.Buttherewasastillgreaterobstacletochangeuntiltheveryendofthemiddleages:

theorganizationofsociety.ThesocialsystemoffixedclassrelationshipsthatprevailedthroughtheMiddleAges（andinsomeareasmuchlonger）itselfhamperedimprovement.Underthissystem,thelaboringmasses,inexchangeforthebarenecessitiesoflife,didalltheproductivework,whiletheprivilegedfew—priests,nobles,andkings—concernedthemselvesonlywithownershipandmaintenanceoftheirownposition.Intheinterestoftheirprivilegestheydidachieveconsiderableprogressindefense,inwarmaking,ingovernment,intrade,intheartsofleisure,andintheextractionoflaborfromtheirdependents,buttheyhadnofamiliaritywiththeprocessofproduction.Ontheotherhand,thelaborers,whowerefamiliarwithmanufacturingtechniques,hadnoincentivetoimproveorincreaseproductiontotheadvantageoftheirmasters.Thus,withoneclasspossessingtherequisiteknowledgeandexperience,butlackingincentiveandleisure,andtheotherclasslackingtheknowledgeandexperience,therewasnomeansbywhichtechnicalprogresscouldbeachieved.

Thewholeancientwordwasbuiltuponthisrelationship—arelationshipassterileasitwasinhuman.Theavailabilityofslavesnullifiedtheneedformoreefficientmachinery.Inmanyofthecommonplacefieldsofhumanendeavor,actualstagnationprevailedforthousandsofyears.NotalltheglorythatwasGreeceandthegrandeurthatwasRomecoulddevelopthewindmillorcontrivesosimpleaninstrumentasthewheelbarrow—productsofthetenthandthirteenthcenturiesrespectively.

Forabouttwenty-fivecenturies,two-thirdsofthepowerofthehorsewaslostbecausehewasn'tshod,andmuchofthestrengthoftheoxwaswastedbecausehisharnesswasn'tmodifiedtofithisshoulders.Formorethanrivethousandyears,sailorswereconfinedtoriversandcoastsbyaprimitivesteeringmechanismwhichrequiredremarkablylittlealteration（inthethirteenthcentury）tobecomearudder.

Withanyingenuityatall,theancientploughcouldhavebeenputonwheelsandtheploughshareshapedtobiteandturnthesodinsteadofmerelyscratchingit—buttheingenuitywasn'tforthcoming.AndthevillageroftheMiddleAges,likethemenwhofirsthadfire,hadasmokeholeinthecenterofthestrawandreedthatchedroofofhis'one-roomdwelling（whichhesharedwithhisanimals）,whilethemedievalcharcoalburner（likehisStoneAgeancestor）madehimselfahutofsmallbranches.

29．Lackoftechnologicalprogressintheancientandmedievalworldswasprim