英国文学.docx

英国文学.docx

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英国文学

英国题型及复习范围

题型

1.作家作品配对10个

2.读课文选段，写出和作品名称和作家姓名共10段

3.回答问题120字

4.评论题（250字）

复习范围

1.记住本学期学过的作家和主要作品。

见每课作者介绍。

2.阅读本学期课堂分析过的课文。

3.思考课后练习题，给出自己的解答。

（以下课后思考题作为复习重点，仅做重点，并非原题）

Page134-135No.1,2

Page154No.1.2

Page.167.No.1.2

Page.179.No.1.3

Page.227.No.1.2.3

Page.273.No.2.3

Page.285.No.1.2.3.

Page.308.No.1

4.要熟悉并能应用以下主要的文学术语。

1）Englishcriticalrealism

请见这一段材料

Inthisperiodoftenseclassstruggleappearedanewliterarytrend-criticalrealism.Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties.ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandgreatartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.ThegreatestEnglishrealistofthetimewasCharlesDickens.Withstrikingforceandtruthfulness,hecreatespicturesofbourgeoiscivilization,describingthemiseryandsufferingsofthecommonpeople.Anothercriticalrealist,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,wasanolesssevereexposerofcontemporarysociety.Thackeray'snovelsaremainlyasatiricalportrayaloftheupperstrataofsociety.ThemethodofcriticalrealismwerefurtheradoptedbysuchwritersasCharlotteandEmilyBronte,andElizabethGaskell.Inthefiftiesandsixtiestherealisticnovelenteredastageofdecline.

TheEnglishcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.Intheirbestworks,thegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclassesarecontrastedwiththehonestyandgood-heartednessoftheobscure"simplepeople"ofthelowerclasses.HencetheuseofhumourandsatireintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Humorousscenesmayattendtheactionsofthepositivecharacters,butthishumouristingedwithlyricismandservestostressthefinequalitiesofsuchcharacters.Atthesametime,bittersatireandgrotesqueisusedtoexposetheseamysideofthebourgeoissociety.Throughthesketchesofvariousnegativecharactersgivenbirthtobythecapitalistsystem,criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.Hereliestherootofthedemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofthecriticalrealismofthe19thcentury.Butthecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Theydidnotrealizethenecessityofchangingthebourgeoissociety.Theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Thechieftendencyintheirworksisnotofrevolutionbutratherofreformism.Theyoftenstartwithapowerfulexposureoftheuglinessofthebourgeoisworld,merelytocloseinamuchtoocoincidentalhappyendingoranimpotentcompromise.Hereweseeatoncethestrengthandtheweaknessofcriticalrealism.

Sofarastheliteraryformor"genre"isconcerned,themajorcontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.Liketherealistsofthe18thcentury,the19thcenturycriticalrealistsmadeuseofthebroadcanvasofthenovelforfullanddetailedrepresentationsofsocialandpoliticalevents,andofthefateofindividualsandofwholesocialclasses.However,therealisticnovelsofthe19thcenturywentastepfurtherthanthoseofthe18thcenturyinthattheynotonlypicturedtheconflictsbetweenseparateindividualswhostoodfordefinitesocialstrata,butalsoshowedthebroadsocialconflictsoverandabovethefateofmereindividuals.WhatwiththeirartisticrepresentationofvitalsocialmovementssuchasChartismandtheirvividdescriptionofdramaticconflictsofthetime,the19thcenturyrealisticnovelsbecome"theepicofthebourgeoissociety".

介绍里面粗体部分是英国批判现实主义的几个要点。

2）StreamofConsciousness代表人物Woolf

Definition:

Streamofconsciousnessischaracterizedbyaflowofthoughtsandimages,whichmaynotalwaysappeartohaveacoherentstructureorcohesion.Theplotlinemayweaveinandoutoftimeandplace,carryingthereaderthroughthelifespanofacharacterorfurtheralongatimelinetoincorporatethelives（andthoughts）ofcharactersfromothertimeperiods.

Writerswhocreatestream-of-consciousnessworksofliteraturefocusontheemotionalandpsychologicalprocessesthataretakingplaceinthemindsofoneormorecharacters.Importantcharactertraitsarerevealedthroughanexplorationofwhatisgoingoninthemind.

AlsoKnownAs:

InteriorMonologue

StreamofConsciousnessisanarrativetechniquethatpresentsthoughtsasiftheywerecomingdirectlyfromacharacter’smind.Lackingchronologicalorder,theeventsinastreamofconsciousnessnarrativearepresentedfromthecharacter’spointofview,mixedinwiththecharacter’songoingfeelingsandmemories.

Theterm"stream-of-consciousness"whichwascoinedbyWilliamJamesinPrinciplesofPsychology（1890）isusedtoindicatealiteraryapproachtothepresentationofpsychologicalaspectsofcharactersinfiction.Itpresentsunspokenmaterialsdirectlyfromthepsycheofthecharacters,ormakethecharacterstelltheirowninnerthoughtsinmonologuesTherealmoflifewithwhichstream-of-consciousnessnovelisconcernedismentalandspiritualexperience,suchassensations,memories,imaginations,conceptions,intuitions,feelingsandtheprocessofassociation.

Streamofconsciousnesswritingisavariantofthethirdpersonpointofview,inwhichthenarratorrelatesonlywhatisexperiencedbyacharacter’smindfrommomenttomoment.

Featuresof StreamofConsciousness

1.Presentsthoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterastheyoccur.

2.Itshowsamindatwork.

3.Itmaycontainpartsthatdonotseencoherentbecausethatarebasedonthefreeassociationofideasandfeelingsofanindividual'smind.

4.Itisin3rdperson

3）Aestheticism代表人物OscarWilde

AestheticismbegantoprevailinEuropeatthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”wasfirstputforwardbytheFrenchpoetTheophileGautier.Followinghim,SwinburneinEnglishliteraturedeclaredthatartshouldservenoreligious,moralorsocialend,noranyendexceptitself.AestheticisminEnglandalsoowedagreatdealtoRuskin,whosesocialandartcriticismpreparedthewayforitsappearance.ThemostimportantrepresentativeofaestheticisminEnglishliteratureisOscarWilde，hismainworksare:

“ThePictureofDorianGray”,“BalladofReadingGoal”andetc.

呼啸山庄

Today,WutheringHeightshasasecurepositioninthecanonofworldliterature,andEmilyBrontëisreveredasoneofthefinestwriters—maleorfemale—ofthenineteenthcentury.LikeCharlotteBrontë’sJaneEyre,WutheringHeightsisbasedpartlyontheGothictraditionofthelateeighteenthcentury,astyleofliteraturethatfeaturedsupernaturalencounters,crumblingruins,moonlessnights,andgrotesqueimagery,seekingtocreateeffectsofmysteryandfear.ButWutheringHeightstranscendsitsgenreinitssophisticatedobservationandartisticsubtlety.Thenovelhasbeenstudied,analyzed,dissected,anddiscussedfromeveryimaginablecriticalperspective,yetitremainsunexhausted.Andwhilethenovel’ssymbolism,themes,structure,andlanguagemayallsparkfertileexploration,thebulkofitspopularitymayrestonitsunforgettablecharacters.AsashatteringpresentationofthedoomedloveaffairbetweenthefiercelypassionateCatherineandHeathcliff,itremainsoneofthemosthauntinglovestoriesinallofliterature.

AnalysisofMajorCharacters

Heathcliff

WutheringHeightscentersaroundthestoryofHeathcliff.Thefirstparagraphofthenovelprovidesavividphysicalpictureofhim,asLockwooddescribeshowhis“blackeyes”withdrawsuspiciouslyunderhisbrowsatLockwood’sapproach.Nelly’sstorybeginswithhisintroductionintotheEarnshawfamily,hisvengefulmachinationsdrivetheentireplot,andhisdeathendsthebook.Thedesiretounderstandhimandhismotivationshaskeptcountlessreadersengagedinthenovel.

Heathcliff,however,defiesbeingunderstood,anditisdifficultforreaderstoresistseeingwhattheywantorexpecttoseeinhim.ThenovelteasesthereaderwiththepossibilitythatHeathcliffissomethingotherthanwhatheseems—thathiscrueltyismerelyanexpressionofhisfrustratedloveforCatherine,orthathissinisterbehaviorsservetoconcealtheheartofaromantichero.WeexpectHeathcliff’scharactertocontainsuchahiddenvirtuebecauseheresemblesaheroinaromancenovel.Traditionally,romancenovelheroesappeardangerous,brooding,andcoldatfirst,onlylatertoemergeasfiercelydevotedandloving.OnehundredyearsbeforeEmilyBrontëwroteWutheringHeights,thenotionthat“areformedrakemakesthebesthusband”wasalreadyaclichéofromanticliterature,andromancenovelscenteraroundthesameclichétothisday.

However,Heathcliffdoesnotreform,andhismalevolenceprovessogreatandlong-lastingthatitcannotbeadequatelyexplainedevenasadesireforrevengeagainstHindley,Catherine,Edgar,etc.Ashehimselfpointsout,hisabuseofIsabellaispurelysadistic,asheamuseshimselfbyseeinghowmuchabuseshecantakeandstillcomecringingbackformore.CriticJoyceCarolOatesarguesthatEmilyBrontëdoesthesamethingtothereaderthatHeathcliffdoestoIsabella,testingtoseehowmanytimesthereadercanbeshockedbyHeathcliff’sgratuitousviolenceandstill,masochistically,insistonseeinghimasaromantichero.

ItissignificantthatHeathcliffbeginshislifeasahomelessorphanonthestreetsofLiverpool.WhenBrontëcomposedherbook,inthe1840s,theEnglisheconomywasseverelydepressed,andtheconditionsofthefactoryworkersinindustrialareaslikeLiverpo